ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Update and reassessment of the Miocene carpological flora from the Turów open pit mine of SW Poland and its palaeoenvironmental implications
1
Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Na Skarpie 27, 00-488 Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Biology and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Education, Charles University,
Magdalény Rettigové 4, 116 39 Praha 1, Czech Republic
3
Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt/M., Senckenberg Research Station
of Quaternary Palaeontology, Weimar, Germany; Institute for Geosciences, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8,
Bonn, 53115, Germany
Submission date: 2024-08-27
Acceptance date: 2025-02-14
Online publication date: 2025-06-12
HIGHLIGHTS
- First extensive review of carpological remains from the Turów Mine
- More precise age estimation of the Turów fossil floras
- Biostratigraphic use of Spinopalmoxylon daemonorops in the Zittau Basin
- New combination of four species (Magnolia, Zanthoxylum)
- 130 taxa identified, including 71 new to the locality
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
One of the largest and best known, but never completely investigated, fossil carpological floras
of the Zittau Basin is revised. The list of revised taxa is supplemented with materials left by H. Czeczott and
her team, and newly collected specimens. New combinations are proposed for four species. On the basis of taxa
obtained and their location in the geological profile, Turów floras are assigned to two biostratigraphic stages of
the Lower Miocene. The Integrated Plant Record vegetation analysis indicates domination of zonal broad-leaved
evergreen forest in most studied fossil assemblages from Turów open pit mine (SW Poland). The palaeoclimate
reconstruction using the Coexistence Approach method reveals MAT 17–22°C and MAP 1200–1600 mm for most
floristic levels. The obtained palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate parameters correspond with those of other
coeval floras of the Zittau Basin and Lusatia.
FUNDING
Polish Academy of Sciences, Museum
of the Earth in Warsaw (statutory funds).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have
declared that no competing interests exist.
REFERENCES (167)
1.
Altolaguirre, Y., Bruch, A.A., Gibert, L., 2020. A long Early Pleistocene pollen record from Baza Basin (SE Spain): Major contributions to the palaeoclimate and palaeovegetation of Southern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 231, 106199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quas....
2.
Appelhans, M.S., Reichelt, N., Groppo, M., Paetzold, C., Wen, J., 2018. Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical genus Zanthoxylum and its closest relatives in the proto-Rutaceae group (Rutaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 126, 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympe....
3.
Arbuzova, O.N., 2005. Hypericum – vidy, opisanye po plodam. In: Budantzev, L. (ed.), Iskopayemyye cvietkovyye rastieniya Rossii i sopredelnykh gosudarstv. Tovarishchestvo nauchnykh izdaniy KMK, Moskva-Sankt Petersburg, pp. 42–47. [In Russian].
4.
Averyanov, L.V., Phan, K.L., Nguyen, T.H., Nguyen, S.K., Nguyen, T.V., Pham, T.D., 2009. Preliminary observation of native Glyptostrobus pensilis stands in Vietnam. Taiwania 54(3), 191–212. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.20....
5.
Baranowska-Zarzycka, Z., 2001. Kupule Trigonobalanus exacantha Mai (Fagaceae) z miocenu Turowa. The cupules of Trigonobalanus exacantha Mai (Fagaceae) from the Miocene deposits of Turów. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 46, 145–147.
6.
Barrón, E., Averyanova, A., Kvaček, Z., Momohara, A., Pigg, K.B., Popova, S., Postigo-Mijarra, J.M., Tiffney, B.H., Utescher, T., Zhou, Z.K., 2017. The Fossil History of Quercus. In: E. Gil-Pelegrín et al. (eds), Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L., Tree Physiology 7. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 39–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
7.
Brabenec, B., 1904. O novém nalezišti třetihorních rostlin ve spodním pásmu vrstev žateckých. Rozpravy České akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění. Třída II, Mathematicko-přírodnická 13(18), 1–27. (in Czech).
8.
Bräutigam, B., 2021 (unpubl.). Tektono-stratigraphische Entwicklung der Tertiärbecken der östlichen Oberlausitz im Grenzbereich Sachsen-Polen-Böhmen. Dissertation. Fakultät für Geowissenschaften, Geotechnik und Bergbau der Technischen Universität Bergakademie Freiberg.
9.
Bruch, A.A., Utescher, T., Mosbrugger, V., 2011. Precipitation patterns in the Miocene of Central Europe and the development of continentality. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 304, 202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
10.
Chandler, M.E.J., 1925. The Upper Eocene flora of Hordle, Hants. Palaeontographical Society.
11.
Chandler, M.E.J., 1957. The Oligocene flora of the Bovey Tracey Lake Basin, Devonshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 3, 73–123. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.3138....
12.
Chandler, M.E.J., 1962. The Lower Tertiary Floras of Southern England. Vol. 2. Order of the Trustees of the British Museum.
13.
Chen, I., Manchester, S.R., 2007. Seed morphology of modern and fossil Ampelocissus and implications for phytogeography. American Journal of Botany 94, 1534–1553. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94....
14.
Czaja, A., 2003. Paläokarpologische Untersuchungen von Taphozönosen des Unter und Mittelmiozäns aus dem Braunkohlentagebau Berzdorf/Oberlausitz (Sachsen) [Summary: Paleocarpological investigation of the taphocoenoses of the Lower and Middle Miocene from the opencast mine Berzdorf/Upper Lusatica (Saxony)]. Palaeontographica B 265, 1–148. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
15.
Czeczott, H., 1959. General characteristics of the Turów brown coal deposits and of fossil floras of the Tertiary rift-valley of north-western Bohemia. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 3, 53–64.
16.
Czeczott, H., 1961. Systematic description of plant remains (2). Editor’s Preface. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 4, 83–84.
19.
Czeczott, H., Skirgiełło, A., 1959. The fossil flora of Turów near Bogatynia, 1–2 (1). Prace Muzeum Ziemi 3, 121–128.
20.
Czeczott, H., Skirgiełło, A., 1961. The fossil flora of Turów near Bogatynia, 2 (2). Prace Muzeum Ziemi 4, 103–117.
21.
Czeczott, H., Skirgiełło, A., 1967. The fossil flora of Turów near Bogatynia, 2 (3). Prace Muzeum Ziemi 10, 144–166.
22.
Czeczott, H., Skirgiełło, A., 1975. The fossil flora of Turów near Bogatynia, 2 (4). Prace Muzeum Ziemi 24, 47–56.
23.
Czeczott, H., Skirgiełło, A., 1980. The fossil flora of Turów near Bogatynia, 2 (5). Prace Muzeum Ziemi 33, 12–15, 19–21.
24.
Deng, M., Kvaček, J., Heřmanová, Z., Manchester S.R., 2024. Comparative nut morphology and biogeographic implications of Carya ventricosa from the Miocene of Europe. International Journal of Plant Sciences 185(2), 109–128. https://doi.org/10.1086/728185.
25.
Doláková, N., Kovácová, M., Utescher, T., 2020. Vegetation and climate changes during the Miocene climatic optimum and Miocene climatic transition in the northwestern part of Central Paratethys. Geological Journal 2020, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.405....
26.
Dorofeev, P.I., Sveshnikova, I.N., 1963. O predstaviteljach roda Athrotaxis iz paleogenu Kalinin-gradskoj Oblasti (Summary: On the representatives of the genus Athrotaxis from the Palaeogene of the Kaliningrad area). Paleontologichesky Zhurnal 2, 116–125 (in Russian).
27.
Endress, P.K, 1970. Die Infloreszenzen der apetalen Hamamelidaceen, ihre grundsätzliche morphologische und systematische Bedeutung. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 90(1/2), 1–54.
28.
Engelhardt, H., 1870. Flora der Braunkohlenformation im Königreich Sachsen. Preisschrift fürstllich Jablonowskischen Gesellschaft, Leipzig, 16, 1–70.
29.
Figlar, R.B., Nooteboom, H.P., 2004. Notes on Magnoliaceae IV. Blumea: Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography 49, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651....
30.
Fischer, T.C., Butzmann, R., Meller, B., Rattei, T., Newman, M., Holscher, D., 2009. The morphology, systematic position and inferred biology of Spirematospermum – An extinct genus of Zingiberales. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 157, 391–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
31.
Florin, R., 1960. Die frühere Verbreitung der Koniferen-gattung Athrotaxis D. Don. Senckenbergiana lethaea 41(1/6), 199–207.
32.
Friis, E.M., 1985. Angiosperm fruits and seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark). Biologiske Skrifter 24, 3.
33.
Gottschling, M., Mai, D.H., Hilger, H.H., 2002. The systematic position of Ehretia fossils (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) from the European Tertiary and implications for character evolution. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 121, 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-....
34.
Gregor, H.-J., 1975. Die Rutaceen aus dem Mittel–Miozän der Oberpfälzer Braunkohle. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 13, 119–128.
35.
Gregor, H.-J., 1977. Subtropische Elemente im europäischen Tertiär II (Fruktifikationen). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 51, 199–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0298....
36.
Gregor, H.-J., 1978a. Subtropische elemente im Europäischen Tertiär III. Rutaceae. Die Gattungen Toddalia und Zanthoxylum. Acta Palaeobotanica 19(1), 21–38.
37.
Gregor, H.-J., 1978b. Die Miozänen Frucht und Samen-floren der Oberfälzer Braunkohle. I. Funde aus den Kohlen und Tonigen Zwischenmitteln. Palaeontographica B, 167(1–3), 8–103.
38.
Gregor, H.-J., 1978c. Chionanthus L. – ein neues subtropisches Element im europäischen Jung-Tertiär. Feddes Repertorium 88(9–10), 645–653. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
39.
Gregor, H.-J., 1979. Fruktifikationen der Gattung Cephalotaxus Siebold and Zuccarini aus dem Tertiär Europas und Japans. Feddes Repertorium 90, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
40.
Gregor, H.-J., 1982. Die jungtertiären Floren Süddeutschlands: Paläokarpologie, Phytostratigraphie, Paläoökologie, Paläoklimatologie. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart.
41.
Greguss, P., 1955. Oznaczenie dolnomioceńskiego pnia drzewa z Turowa nad Nysą Łużycką (Summary: Identification of a Lower Miocene wood from coal-mine at Turów). Acta Geologica Polonica 5(2), 273–275.
42.
Holý, F., 1975. Representatives of the family Mastixiaceae Calestani 1905 in the Bohemian Tertiary. Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Ser. B, Hist. Nat., 31(3–5), 123–147.
43.
Holý, F., Kvaček, Z., Teodoridis, V., 2012. A review of the early Miocene mastixioid flora of the Kristina mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in north Bohemia (the Czech Republic). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae B 68, 53–118.
44.
Hummel, A., 1970. Rodzaj Cercidiphyllum z Turowa (summary: Genus Cercidiphyllum at Turów). Geological Quarterly 14(4), 803–809.
46.
Hummel, A., 1983. The Pliocene leaf flora from Ruszów near Żary in Lower Silesia, SW Poland. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 36, 1–104.
47.
Jähnichen, H., 1966. Morphologisch-anatomische Studien über strukturbietende, ganzrandige Eichenblätter des Subgenus Euquercus – Quercus lusatica n. sp. im Tertiär Mitteleuropas. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin 8(6–7), 477–512.
48.
Jähnichen, H., Mai, D.H., Walther, H., 1977. Blätter und Früchte von Engelhardia Lesch. ex Bl. (Juglandaceae) aus dem europäischen Tertiär. Feddes Repertorium 88(5–6), 323–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
49.
Jähnichen, H., Mai, D.H., Walther, H., 1980. Blätter und Früchte von Cercidiphyllum Siebold and Zuccarini im mitteleuropäischen Tertiär. Schriftenreihe für geologische Wissenschaften 16, 357–399.
50.
Jähnichen, H., Friedrich W.L., Takáč, M., 1984. Engelhardioid leaves and fruits from the European Tertiary. Part II. Tertiary Research 6, 109–134.
51.
Jacques, F.M.B., Liu, C.Y.-S., Martinetto, E., Zhou, Z.-K., 2011. Revised taxonomy of selected fossil endocarp species in the Menispermaceae using a morphometric approach. In: Broutin, J. (ed.), Paleobotany and Paleopalynology: new advances. Geodiversitas 33(1), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.5252/g2011n....
52.
Jiménez-Mejías, P., Martinetto, E., Momohara, A., Popova, S., Smith, S.Y., Roalson, E.H., 2016. A Commented Synopsis of the Pre-Pleistocene Fossil Record of Carex (Cyperaceae). The Botanical Review 82, 258–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229....
53.
Juchniewicz, K., 1970. Nowe dane o florze kopalnej Turowa na podstawie analizy nabłonkowej (summary: New data on fossil flora at Turów obtained from cuticule examination). Geological Quarterly 14(4), 810–818.
54.
Juchniewicz, K., 1975. Flora kopalna Turowa koło Bogatyni w świetle analizy nabłonkowej (summary: The fossil flora from Turów near Bogatynia studied by cuticular analysis). Prace Muzeum Ziemi 24, 65–132.
55.
Kasiński, J.R., 2000. Atlas geologiczny trzeciorzedowej asocjacji brunatnowęglowej w polskiej części niecki żytawskiej. Państw. Inst. Geol. Warszawa. (In Polish).
56.
Kasiński, J.R., 2004. Paleogen i neogen w zapadliskach i rowach tektonicznych. Zapadliska rowu kruszcogórskiego: 151–159. In: Peryt, T.M., Piwocki, M. (ed.), Budowa geologiczna Polski. Tom I. Stratygrafia. 3a. Kenozoik, Paleogen, Neogen. PIG. [in Polish].
57.
Kasiński, J.R., Słodkowska, B., 2016. Factors controlling Cenozoic anthracogenesis in the Polish Lowlands. Geological Quarterly 60(4), 959–974.
58.
Kasinski, J.R., Piwocki, M., Swadowska, E., Ziembińska-Tworzydło, M., 2010. Charakterystyka węgla brunatnego z miocenu niżu polskiego na podstawie wybranych profili (Summary: Lignite of the polish lowlands miocene: characteristics on a base of selected profiles). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 439, 99–154.
59.
Kasiński, J.R, Badura, J., Pańczyk, M., Pecskay, Z., Saternus, A., Słodkowska, B., Urbański, P., 2015. Osady paleogeńskie w polskiej części Niecki Żytawskiej – Nowe światło na problem wieku zapadliska tektonicznego. (Summary: Paleogene deposits in the Polish part of the Zittau Basin – New light on the age of the tectonic depression). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 461, 295–324.
60.
Kirchheimer, F., 1934. Neue Ergebnisse und Probleme paläobotanischer Braunkohlenforschungen. Braunkohle 33, 769–774, 788–793.
61.
Kirchheimer, F., 1940. Ein neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Frucht und Samenfossilien aus den Braunkohlenschichten Sachsen und Thüringens. Botanisches Archiv 41, 276–294.
62.
Kirchheimer, F., 1941. Ein neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Braunkohlenflora in der Lausitz. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 27, 189–231.
63.
Kirchheimer, F., 1957. Die Laubgewächse der Braunkohlenzeit. Verlag VEB W. Knapp, Halle.
64.
Knobloch, E., Kvaček, Z., 1976. Miozane Blatterfloren vom Westrand der Bohmischen Masse. Rozpravy Ústředního Ústavu Geologického 42, 1–131.
65.
Knobloch, E., Mai, D.H., 1986. Monographie der Früchte und Samen aus der Kriede von Mittel-europa. Rozpravy Ústředního Ústavu Geologického 47, 1–220.
67.
Kostyniuk, M., 1967. Pnie drzew iglastych z górnego pokładu węgla brunatnego w Turowie (summary: Coniferous stumps from the brown coal deposit of Turów near Bogatynia, SW Poland). Prace Muzeum Ziemi 10, 3–95.
68.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., Rubel, F., 2006. World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15(3), 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2....
69.
Kovar-Eder, J., Teodoridis, V., 2018. The Middle Miocene Central European plant record revisited; widespread subhumid sclerophyllous forests indicated. Fossil Imprint 74(1–2), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.2478/if-201....
70.
Kovar-Eder, J., Jechorek, H., Kvaček, Z., Parashiv, V., 2008. The Integrated Plant Record: an essential tool for reconstructing Neogene zonal vegetation in Europe. Palaios 23, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2....
71.
Kovar-Eder, J., Mazouch, P., Teodoridis, V., Roth-Nebelsick, A., Traiser, Ch., Wypich, J., 2021. Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia. Palaeontologia Electronica 24(2), a18. https://doi.org/10.26879/1131.
72.
Kowalski, R., 2010. Choerospondias turovensis n. sp., a new Anacardiaceae genus of the European Neogene identified from the Turów brown coal open-cast mine. Palaeontographica 284(1–3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
73.
Kowalski, R., 2017. Miocene carpological floras of the Konin region (Central Poland). Acta Palaeobotanica 57(1), 39–100. https://doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2....
74.
Kowalski, R., Tietz, O., Worobiec, E., Worobiec, G., 2024. New floras from the Tetta Clay Pit, Upper Lusatia, late Oligocene–Early Miocene, Germany. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae 94(1), 19–59. https://doi.org/10.14241/asgp.....
75.
Kownas, S., 1956. Trzeciorzędowa flora z Dobrzynia nad Wisłą. Acta Geologica Polonica 5, 439–516.
76.
Kraüsel, R., Weyland, H., 1959. Kritische Untersuchungen zur Kutikularanalyse tertiarer Blatter IV. Palaeontographica Abt. B, 105, 101–124.
77.
Kunzmann, L., 1999. Koniferen der Oberkreide und ihre Relikte im Tertiär Europas. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis ausgestorbener Taxodiaceae und Geinitziaceae fam. nov. Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden 45, 9–135.
78.
Kunzmann, L., Mai, D.H., 2005. Die Koniferen der Mastixioideen-Flora von Wiesa bei Kamenz (Sachsen, Miozän) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nadelblätter. Palaeontographica B 272, 67–135. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
79.
Kunzmann, L., Mai, D.H., 2011. The first record of fossil Metasequoia (Cupressaceae) from continental Europe. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 164, 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
80.
Kunzmann, L., Kvacek, Z., Mai, D.H., Walther, H. 2009. The genus Taxodium in the Palaeogene and Neogene of Central Europe. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 153, 153–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
81.
Kürschner, W.M., Kvaček, Z., Dilcher, D.L., 2008. The impact of Miocene atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuations on climate and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(2), 449–53. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0....
82.
Kvaček, Z., 1986. The fossil Tetraclinis Mast. (Cupressaceae). Časopis Národního Muzea v Praze 155(1–2), 45–54.
83.
Kvaček, Z., 1999. An ancient Calocedrus (Cupressaceae) from the European Teriary. Flora 194, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-....
84.
Kvaček, Z., Manchester, S.R., 2004. Vegetative and reproductive structure of the extinct Platanus neptuni from the Tertiary of Europe and relationships within the Platanaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 244, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606....
85.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1988. Revision der mitteleuropaischen tertiaren Fagaceen nach blattepidermalen Charakteristiken. Teil 2. Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach, Trigonobalanus Forman, Trigonobalanopsis Kvaček and Walther. Feddes Repertorium 99, 395–418.
86.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1989. Paleobotanical studies in Fagaceae of the European Tertiary. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162, 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0093....
87.
Kvaček, Z., Manchester, S.R., Schorn, H.E., 2000. Cones, seeds, and foliage of Tetraclinis salicornioides (Cupressaceae) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Western North America: A Geographic Extension of the European Tertiary Species. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161, 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1086/314245.
88.
Kvaček, Z., Manchester, S.R., Zetter, R., Pingen, M., 2002. Fruits and seeds of Craigia bronnii (Malvaceae – Tilioideae) and associated flower buds from the late Miocene Inden Formation, Lower Rhine Basin, Germany. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 119, 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-....
89.
Larsson, L.M., Dybkjær, K., Rasmussen, E.S., Piasecki, S., Utescher, T., Vajda, V., 2011. Miocene climate evolution of northern Europe: A palynological investigation from Denmark. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 309, 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
90.
Li, Z.Y., 1994. Plants of Longqi Mountain, Fujian, China: China Science and Technology Press. Beijing. 604 p.
91.
Little, S.A., Stockey, R.A., Penner, B., 2009. Anatomy and development of fruits of Lauraceae from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert. American Journal of Botany 96(3), 637–651. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.08....
92.
Łańcucka-Środoniowa, M., 1979. Macroscopic plant remains from the freschwater Miocene of the Nowy Sacz Basin. Acta Palaeobotanica 20, 3–117.
93.
Macaluso, L., Martinetto, E., Vigna, B., Bertini, A., Cilia, A., Teodoridis, V., Kvaček, Z., 2018. Palaeofloral and stratigraphic context of a new fossil forest from the Pliocene of NW Italy. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 248, 15–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
94.
Mai, D.H., 1961. Über eine fossile Tiliaceen-Blüte und tilioiden Pollen aus dem deutschen Tertiär. Geologie 10, 54–93.
95.
Mai, D.H., 1964. Die Mastixioiden-Floren im Tertiär der Oberlausitz. Palaontologische Abhandlungen B 2, 1–192.
96.
Mai, D.H., 1970. Subtropische Elemente im europäischen Tertiär I. Palaontologische Abhandlungen B 3, 441–503.
97.
Mai, D.H., 1971a. Fossile Funde von Manglietia Blume (Magnoliaceae). Feddes Repertorium 82(6), 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
98.
Mai, D.H., 1971b. Über fossile Lauraceae und Theaceae in Mitteleuropa. Feddes Repertorium 82(5), 313–341. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
99.
Mai, D.H., 1973. Die Revision der Originale Von R. Ludwig 1857 – Ein Beitrag Zur Flora Des Unteren Villafranchien. Acta Palaeobotanica 14(2), 89–117.
100.
Mai, D.H., 1975. Beiträge zur Bestimmung und Nomenklatur fossiler Magnolien. Feddes Repertorium 86(9–10), 559–578. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
101.
Mai, D.H., 1981. Der Formenkreis der Vietnam-Nuß (Carya poilanei (Chev.) Leroy) in Europa. Feddes Repertorium 92(5–6), 339–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
102.
Mai, D.H., 1983. Studien an Endokarpien europäischer und westasiatischer Arten der Gattung Acer L. Gleditschia 10(37–57), 38–57.
103.
Mai, D.H., 1984a. Karpologische Untersuchungen der Steinkerne fossiler und rezenter Amygdalaceae. Feddes Repertorium 95, 299–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1522....
104.
Mai, D.H., 1984b. Die Endokarpien bei der Gattung Acer L. (Aceraceae). Eine biosystematische Studie. Gleditschia 11, 17–46.
105.
Mai, D.H., 1985. Beiträge zur Geschichte einiger holziger Saxifragales – Gattungen. Gleditschia 13(1), 75–88.
106.
Mai, D.H., 1987. Neue Arten nach Früchten und Samen aus dem Tertiär von Nordwestsachsen und der Lausitz. Feddes Repertorium 98, 105–126.
107.
Mai, D.H., 1994. Two Conifers – Tetraclinis Mast. (Cupressaceae) and Metasequoia Miki (Taxodiaceae) – Relicts or Palaeoclimatic Indicators of the Past. In: Boulter, M.C., Fisher, H.C. (eds), Cenozoic Plants and Climates of the Arctic. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 397 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
108.
Mai, D.H., 1995. Tertiäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. Methoden und Ergebnisse. (G. Fisher Verlag) Jena, Stuttgart, New York.
109.
Mai, D.H., 1997. Die oberoligozänen Floren am Nordrand der Sächsischen Lausitz. Palaeontographica Abt. B 244, 1–124.
110.
Mai, D.H., 1999a. Die untermiocänen Floren aus der Spremberger Folge und dem 2. Flözhorizont in der Lausitz. Teil I: Farnpflanzen, Koniferen und Monokotyledonen. Palaeontographica Abt. B 250 (1–3), 1–76. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
111.
Mai, D.H., 1999b. Die untermiozänen Floren aus der Spremberger Folge und dem 2. Flözhorizont in der Lausitz. Teil II: Polycarpicae und Apetalae. Palaeontographica Abt. B 251, 1–70.
112.
Mai, D.H., 1999c. Beiträge zur Kenntnis einiger Holzgewächse im europäischen Tertiär. Feddes Repertorium 110(1–2), 37–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
113.
Mai, D.H., 2000a. Die untermiozänen Floren aus der Spremberger Folge und dem 2. Flözhorizont in der Lausitz. III. Dialypetalae und Sympetalae. Palaeontographica Abt. B 253, 1–106.
114.
Mai, D.H., 2000b. Die untermiozänen Floren aus der Spremberger Folge und dem 2. Flözhorizont in der Lausitz. IV: Fundstellen und Paläobiologie. Palaeontographica Abt. B 254, 65–176. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
115.
Mai, D.H., 2001. The fossils of Rhodoleia Champion (Hamamelidaceae) in Europe. Acta Palaeobotanica 41(2), 161–175.
116.
Mai, D.H., 2004. Die miozänen und pliozänen Floren aus Nordostbrandenburg und Südwestmecklenburg. Palaeontographica Abt. B 269(1–6), 1–130. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
117.
Mai, D.H., Gregor, H.-J., 1982. Neue und interessante Arten aus dem Miozän von Salzhausen im Vogelsberg. Feddes Repertorium 93(6), 405–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
118.
Mai, D.H., Martinetto, E., 2006. A reconsideration of the diversity of Symplocos in the European Neogene on the basis of fruit morphology. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 140, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
119.
Mai, D.H., Walther, H., 1978. Die Floren der Haselbacher Serie im Weisselster Becken. Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden 28, 1–200.
120.
Mai, D.H., Walther, H., 1985. Die obereozänen Floren im Weißelster-Becken (Bezirk Leipzig, DDR) und seiner Randgebiete. Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie Dresden 33, 1–260.
121.
Mai, D.H., Walther, H., 1988. Die pliozänen Floren von Thüringen Deutsche Demokratische Republik. Quartärpaläontologie 7, 55–297.
122.
Mai, D.H., Walther, H., 1991. Die oligozänen und untermiozänen Floren NW Sachsens und des Bitterfelder Raumes. Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden 38, 1–230.
123.
Manchester, S.R., 1987. The fossil history of the Juglandaceae. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 21. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.ti....
124.
Manchester, R., Fritsch, P.W., 2014. European fossil fruits of Sphenotheca related to extant Asian species of Symplocos. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 52(1), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12....
125.
Martinetto, E., 2015. Monographing the Pliocene and early Pleistocene carpofloras of Italy: methodological challenges and current progress. Palaeontographica B 293(1–6), 57–99. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
126.
Meller, B., 1998. Systematisch-taxonomische Untersuchungen von Karpo-Taphocoenosen des Köflach-Voitsberger Braunkohlenrevieres (Steiermark, Österreich; Untermiozän) und ihre paläoökologische Bedeutung. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 140, 497–655.
127.
Meller, B., Kovar-Eder, J., Zetter, R., 1999. Lower Miocene leaf, palynomorph and diaspore assemblages from the base of the lignite-bearing sequence in the opencast mine Obersdorf, N Voitsberg as an indication of “Younger Mastixioid” vegetation. Palaeontographica B 252(5–6), 123–179. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
128.
Menzel, P., 1913. Beitrag zur Flora der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation. Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt zu Berlin 34, 1–98.
129.
Miller, K.G., Wright, J.D., Fairbanks, R.G., 1991. Unlocking the icehouse: Oligocene–Miocene oxygen isotope, eustacy, and margin erosion. Journal of Geophysical Research 96, 6829–6848. https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02....
130.
Miller, K.G., Mountain, G.S., Browning, J.V., Kominz, M., Sugarman, P.J., Christie-Blick, N., Katz, M.E., 1998. Cenozoic global sea level, sequences, and the New Jersey transect: Results from coastal plain and continental slope drilling. Reviews of Geophysics 36, 569–601. https://doi.org/10.1029/98RG01....
131.
Mosbrugger, V., Utescher, T., 1997. The coexistence approach – A method for quantitative reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial palaeoclimate data using plant fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 134, 61–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-....
132.
Mosbrugger, V., Utescher, T., Dilcher, D., 2005. Cenozoic continental climatic evolution of Central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(42), 14964–14969. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0....
133.
Oh, I.-C., Denk, T., Friis, E.M., 2003. Evolution of Illicium (Illiciaceae): Mapping morphological. Plant Systematics and Evolution 240, 175–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606....
134.
Piwocki, M., Ziembińska-Tworzydło, M., 1997. Neogene of the Polish Lowlands – lithostratigraphy and pollen-spore zones. Geological Quarterly 41, 21–40.
135.
Planderova, E., 1990. Miocene microflora of Central Paratethys and its biostratigraphical signifi-cance. Dionyz Stur Institute of Geology, Bratislava.
136.
Poole, I., Cantrill, D., Utescher, T., 2005. A multi-proxy approach to determine Antarctic terrestrial palaeoclimate during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 222, 95–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
137.
Reid, E.M., 1923. Nouvelles recherches sur les graines du Pliocéne inférieur du Pont-de-Gail (Cantal). Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 4(23), 308–355.
138.
Reid, E.M., Chandler, M.E.J., 1933. The London Clay Flora. British Museum (Natural History), London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.ti....
139.
Rohwer, J.G., 1993. Lauraceae. In: K., Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J.G., Bittrich, V., (eds), The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 2, Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, hamamelid, and caryophyllid families. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 366–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
140.
Su, T., Spicer, R.A., Zhou, Z.-K., 2022. Tracing the Evolution of Plant Diversity in Southwestern China. Diversity 14(6), 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14060....
141.
Smith, S.Y., Iles, W.J., Benedict, J.C., Specht, C.D., 2018. Building the monocot tree of death: Progress and challenges emerging from the macrofossil-rich Zingiberales. American Journal of Botany 105(8), 1389–1400. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1....
142.
Särkinen, T., Kottner, S., Stuppy, W., Ahmed, F., Knapp, S., 2018. A new commelinid monocot seed fossil from the early Eocene previously identified as Solanaceae. American Journal of Botany 105(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1....
143.
Teodoridis, V., 2003. Early Miocene carpological material from the Czech part of the Zittau Basin. Acta Palaeobotanica 43(1), 9–49.
144.
Teodoridis, V., Kovar-Eder, J., Mazouch, P., 2011. Integrated Plant Record (IPR) vegetation analysis applied to modern vegetation in South China and Japan. Palaios 26, 623–638. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2....
145.
Teodoridis, V., Mazouch, P., Kovar-Eder, J., 2020. The Integrated Plant Record (IPR) analysis: Methodological advances and new insights into the evolution of European Palaeogene/Neogene vegetation. Palaeontologia Electronica 23(1), a16. https://doi.org/10.26879/1055.
146.
Teodoridis, V., Mazouch, P., Kovar-Eder, J., 2021. On-line application of Drudge 1 and 2 – simple and quick determination of the modern vegetation most closely resembling fossil plant assemblages. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 299(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/....
147.
Tiffney, B.H., 1977. Fruits and seeds of the Brandon Lignite: Magnoliaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75, 299–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095....
148.
Utescher, T., Ashraf, A.R., Dreist, A., Dybkjær, K., Mosbrugger, V., Pross, J., Wilde, V., 2012. Variability of Neogene continental climates in Northwest Europe – a detailed study based on microfloras. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 289–314. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-10....
149.
Utescher, T., Bruch, A.A., Erdei, B., François, L., Ivanov, D., Jacques, F.M.B., Kern, A.K., Liu, Y.-S., Mosbrugger, V., Spicer, R.A., 2014. The Coexistence Approach – Theoretical background and practical considerations of using plant fossils for climate quantification. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 410, 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
150.
Utescher, T., Bondarenko, O.V., Mosbrugger, V., 2015. The Cenozoic Cooling – continental signals from the Atlantic and Pacific side of Eurasia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 415, 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl....
151.
Utescher, T., Bruch, A., Mosbrugger, V., 2024. The Palaeoflora Database – Documentation and Data (Version 2024) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo... [Accessed May 2024).
152.
Van der Ham, R.W.J.M, 2015. On the history of the butternuts (Juglans section Cardiocaryon, Juglandaceae). Palaeontographica B 293(1–6), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
153.
Van der Werff, H., Richter, H.G., 1996. Toward an improved classification of Lauraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 83, 409–418. https://doi.org/10.2307/239987....
154.
Von Der Brelie, G., Hager H., Weiler H., 1981. Pollenflora und Phytoplankton in den Kölner Schichten sowie deren Lithostratigraphie im Siegburger Graben. Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 29, 21–58.
155.
Walther, H., Kvaček, Z., 2007. Early Oligocene flora of Seifhennersdorf (Saxony). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae B Historia Naturalis 63(2–4), 85–174.
156.
Wang, Y., Liu, B., Nie, Z., Chen, H., Chen, F., Figlar, R.B.,Wen, J., 2020. Major clades and a revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 58, 673–695. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12....
157.
Westerhold, T., Bickert, T., Röhl, U., 2005. Middle to Late Miocene oxygen isotope stratigraphy of ODP site 1085 (SE Atlantic): New constrains on Miocene climate variability and sea-level fluctuations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 217, 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
158.
Winterscheid, H., 2019. Nomenclatural novelties in the fossil genus Spinopalmoxylon (Arecaceae) from the Central European Oligocene and Miocene: A whole-plant concept for Spinopalmoxylon daemonorops. Acta Palaeobotanica 59(2), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.2478/acpa-2....
159.
Xu, F.-X., 2003. Sclerotesta morphology and its systematic implications in magnoliaceous seeds. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 142, 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095....
160.
Zachos, J., Dickens, G.R., Zeebe, R.E., 2008. An Early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics. Nature 451, 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature....
161.
Zalewska, Z., 1953. Trzeciorzędowe szczątki drewna z Turowa nad Nysą Łużycką, 1 (Summary: Tertiary remains of fossil wood from Turów near Lusatian Neisse, 1). Acta Geologica Polonica 3(4), 481–543.
162.
Zalewska, Z., 1955a. Trzeciorzędowe szczątki drewna z Turowa nad Nysą Łużycką, 2 (Summary: Tertiary remains of fossil wood from Turów near Lusatian Neisse, 2). Acta Geologica Polonica 5(2), 277–304.
163.
Zalewska, Z., 1955b. Trzeciorzędowe szczątki drewna z Turowa nad Nysą Łużycką, 3 (Summary: Tertiary remains of fossil wood from Turów near Lusatian Neisse, 3). Acta Geologica Polonica 5(4), 517–537.
165.
Zalewska, Z., 1961. Coniferae: Taxaceae, Podocarpaceae, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 4, 93–102.
166.
Ziembińska-Tworzydło, M., 1991. Lower Miocene succession of plant communities in Turów (Poland). In: Kovar-Eder, J. (ed.), Palaeovegetational development in Europe and regions relevant to its palaeofloristic evolution. Proceedings of the Pan-European Palaeobotanical Conference, Vienna, 19–23 September 1991, pp. 251–256.
167.
Ziembińska-Tworzydło, M., Konzalová, M., 2008. Some monocot pollen taxa from the Lower Miocene basal coaly deposits of the Czech and Polish parts of the Zytawa (Zittau) Basin. Fossil Imprint / Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B – Historia Naturalis Prague: National Museum 64(2–4), 149–162.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2082-0259 |
| ISSN: | 0001-6594 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
