ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Plant diversity at the final stage of the Miocene Climate Optimum – Revision of the flora of Leoben, Styria, Austria
1
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Geologie, Paläontologie, Burgring 7, 1014 Wien, Austria
2
Museum
für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
Online publication date: 2024-12-13
Publication date: 2024-12-13
Article (PDF)
Supplementary files
References (284)
Supplementary_File_1_Slabs_several_remains_new.xlsx
Supplementary_File_2 Taxa indet et incertae sedis-finalisiert.xlsx
Supplementary_File_3 Leoben-IPR-variants A-C.xlsx
Supplementary_File_4_Modern vegetation proxies_units.xlsx
Supplementary_File_5_Vegetation_proxies_major_Types_formations.xlsx
Supplementary_File_6_CLAMP_leaf_physiognomy_score.xlsx
HIGHLIGHTS
- taxonomical revision of the flora of Leoben (Ettingshausen, 1869, 1888)
- taxonomy: new fossil-species, new combinations, number of fossil-species reduced by more than half
- high plant diversity during the Miocene Climate Optimum
- taxonomic, palaeoecological and palaeoclimatic evaluation
- close relations to Younger Mastixioid floras
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
The floras of Leoben and Parschlug (Styria, Austria) derive from nearby basins along the Mur/
Mürz fault system, representing the drowning stages of the mires in these basins. They are regarded as being
similar in age. Based on its revision, the flora of Parschlug is interpreted to reflect the vegetation in the close
lake surroundings and the hinterland of the respective basin. Subhumid sclerophyllous forest is concluded to be
the most likely major vegetation type in the hinterland, which developed under seasonally dry climate. These
results raised the question of a potential signal provided by the Leoben flora. A comparison of both floras, however,
turned out to be impossible based solely on the monographical studies by Ettingshausen (1869a, 1888) and
would require a comprehensive taxonomic revision, which is presented here. The Leoben flora is dated to the
Middle Miocene (Langhian/Badenian, 14.9/ ±0.7 Ma). It comprises mainly leaves, but also remains of flowers,
inflorescences and fructifications, mostly preserved as strongly compressed impressions. The present revision
reduces the number of taxa from 382 (in Ettingshausen, 1888, excluding fungi) to ~175 or to ~150 when different
organs of probably one biological fossil-species are fused. Although the taxonomic resolution is limited especially
for entire-margined taxa due to the lack of cuticles, the floristic diversity is high. Spore-producing plants are
generally rare. Conifers are diverse although their remains are not abundant except for Glyptostrobus and Pinus.
Angiosperms include more than 30 families of which Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae and Sapindaceae are most
diverse. Two fossil-species are described for the first time and 8 new combinations of angiosperms are introduced.
Phytosociologically the flora represents plants of a floating-leaf plant zone, ferns, reeds and sedges from the
lake margin and of swampy habitats, as well as woody taxa from swampy forests, along streams and in the closer
surroundings of the lake segueing into mesophytic hinterland forests.
The Integrated Plant Record (IPR) vegetation analysis is applied to assess the most likely major vegetation
type (zonal vegetation), and the Similarity Approach (application of Drudges) predicts the most likely modern
vegetation proxies for the Leoben assemblage. Palaeoclimate proxies are assessed by the Climate Leaf Analysis
Multivariate Program (CLAMP), and the Leoben flora is compared to floras in the Paratethys region and surroundings
that are of similar age, namely Oberdorf, Parschlug (Styria), Mecsek Mts. (Hungary) and the Cypris
Formation (northern Bohemia).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author has
declared that no competing interests exist.
REFERENCES (284)
1.
Andreánszky, C., 1959. Die Flora der Sarmatischen Stufe in Ungarn. Budapest. 360 pp.
2.
Barrón, E., Postigo-Mijarra, J.M., Diéguez, C., 2014. The late Miocene macroflora of the La Cerdanya Basin (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain): towards a synthesis. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 291, 85–129.
3.
Baxter, T., McAllister, H.A., 2021. Alnus cordata, Alnus subcordata, Alnus orientalis from the website “Trees and Shrubs Online” (treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/alnus/alnus-cordata/). Accessed 24 December 2022.
4.
Berger, W., 1955. Die altpliozäne Flora des Laaerberges in Wien. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 97, 81–113.
5.
“Betula maximowicziana” from the website Trees and Shrubs Online (treesandshrub-sonline.org/articles/betula/betula-maximowicziana/).
6.
Bohn, U., Neuhäusl, R., Gollub, G., Hettwer, C., Neuhäuslová, Z., Raus, Th., Schlüter, H., Weber, H., 2004. Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe. Maßstab/Scale 1:2 500 000. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster. [online available as EuroVegMap 2.06 http://www.floraweb.de/vegetat...].
7.
Bouchal, J.M., Dojen, C., Denk, T., 2017. Die Neubearbeitung der fossilen Flora von Leše/Liescha am Landes-museum Kärnten: vorläufige Mitteilung. Carinthia 207/127, 395–400.
8.
Bozukov, V., Palamarev, E., 1995. On the Tertiary history of the Theaceae in Bulgaria. Flora Mediterranea 5, 177–190.
9.
Brabenec, B., 1909. Souborná květena českého útvaru třetihorního. Archiv pro Přírodovědecké Prozkoumání Čech 14(3), 1–144.
10.
Braun, A., 1845. Die Tertiär-Flora von Öhningen. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie 1845, 164–173.
11.
Braun, A., 1851. In: Stizenberger, E. (ed.), Übersicht der Versteinerungen des Grossherzogthums Baden. Freiburg im Breisgau.
12.
Brongniart, A., 1822a. Description des végétaux fossiles du terrain de sédiment supérieur, cités dans la description géologique du basin de Paris. In: Cuvier, Ch. (ed.), Recherches sur les ossements fossiles 3. G. Dufour et E. d’Ocagne, Paris, Amsterdam, pp. 351–369.
13.
Brongniart, A., 1822b. Sur la classification et la distribution des végétaux fossiles en géneral et sur ceux des terrains de sédiment superieur en particulier. Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 8, 203–240.
14.
Brongniart, A., 1828. Notice sur les plantes d’Armissan près Narbonne. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 15, 43–51.
15.
Brongniart, A., 1833. Notice sur un conifère du terrain d’eau douce de l’ile d’Iliodroma. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 30, 168–176.
16.
Bronn, H.G., 1838. Lethaea geognostica, II. Schweizerbart'scher Verlag, Stuttgart.
17.
Bruch, A., Kovar-Eder, J., 2004. Climatic evaluation of the flora from Oberdorf (Styria, Austria, Early Miocene) based on the Coexistence Approach. Phytologia Balcanica 9, (2003)/2, 175–185.
18.
Bůžek, C., 1971. Tertiary Flora from the Northern Part of the Pětipsy Area (North-Bohemian Basin). Rozpravy Ústředniho Ústavu Geologického 36, 1–119.
19.
Bůžek, C., Kvaček, Z., 1994. An Early Miocene linden (Tilia) from North Bohemia and its possible relationship. Acta Universitatis Carolinae 1992(1–2), 97–102.
20.
Bůžek, C., Kvaček, Z., Manchester, S.R., 1989. Sapindaceous affinities of the Pteleaecarpum fruits from the Tertiary of Eurasia and North America. Botanical Gazette 150, 477–489.
21.
Bůžek, C., Dvořák, Z., Kvaček, Z., Prokš, M., 1992. Tertiary vegetation and depositional environments of the “Bílina delta” in the North-Bohemian brown-coal basin. Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 37(2), 117–134.
22.
Bůžek, C., Holý, F., Kvaček, Z., 1996. Early Miocene flora of the Cypris Shale (Western Bohemia). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, ser. B, Historia Naturalis 52, 1–72.
23.
Christenhusz, M.J.M., Reveal, J.L., Farjon, A., Gardner, M.F., Mill, R.R., Chase, M.W., 2011. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19, 55–70.
24.
Christensen, E.F., 1976. The Søby Flora: Fossil plants from the Middle Miocene delta deposits of the Søby-Fasterholt area, Central Jutland, Denmark. Part II. Geological Survey of Denmark, II. Series 108, 1–49.
25.
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L., Fan, J.-X., 2013; updated. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart. Episodes 36, 199–204. http://www.stratigraphy.org/IC....
26.
Colagar, A.H., Yousefzadeh, H., Shayanmehr, F., Jalali, S.G., Zare, H., Tippery, N.P., 2016. Molecular taxonomy of Hyrcanian Alnus using nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnH-psbA DNA barcode markers. Systematics and Biodiversity 14(1), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/147720....
27.
Czeczott, H., 1934. Co to jest Fagus feroniae Unger. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 11, Supplementum, 109–115.
28.
Czeczott, H., 1951. Środkowomioceńska flora Zalesiec koło Wiśniowca. Acta Geologica Polonica 2, 349–445.
29.
Daxner-Höck, G., Haas, M., Meller, B., Steininger, F.F., 1998. Wirbeltiere aus dem Unter-Miozän des Lignit-Tagebaues Oberdorf (Weststeirisches Becken, Österreich). 10. Paläoökologie, Sedimentologie und Stratigraphie. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 99A, 195–224.
30.
Decker, K., Peresson, H., 1996. Tertiary kinematics in the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian System: links between thrusting, transform faulting and crustal extension. In: Wessely, G., Liebl, W. (eds), Oil and Gas in the Alpidic Thrustbelts and Basins of Central and Eastern Europe. European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers, Special Publications 5, 69–77.
31.
Denk, T., Bouchal, J., 2021. New Fagaceous pollen taxa from the Miocene Søby flora of Denmark and their biogeographic implications. American Journal of Botany 108, 1500–1524. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1....
32.
Denk, T., Velitzelos, D., Güner, T.H., Ferrufino-Acosta, L., 2015. Smilax (Smilacaceae) from the Miocene of Western Eurasia with Caribbean biogeographic affinities. American Journal of Botany 102(3), 423–438. http://www.amjbot.org/.
33.
Denk, T., Grimm, G.W., Manos, P.S., Deng, M., Hipp, A.L., 2017a. An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks: Review of previous taxonomic schemes and synthesis of evolutionary patterns. In: Gil-Pelegrín, E., Peguero-Pina, J., Sancho-Knapik, D. (eds) Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L. Tree Physiology, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
34.
Denk, T., Güner, T.H., Kvaček, Z., Bouchal, J.M., 2017b. The early Miocene flora of Güvem (Central Anatolia, Turkey): a window into early Neogene vegetation and environments in the Eastern Mediterranean. Acta Palaeobotanica 57(2), 237–338. https://doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2....
35.
Denk, T., Velitzelos, D., Güner, T.H., Bouchal, J.M., Grímsson, F., Grimm, G.W., 2017c. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of two widespread western Eurasian Neogene sclerophyllous oak species: Quercus drymeja Unger and Quercus mediterranea Unger. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 241, 98–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.re....
36.
Denk, T., Güner, T.H., Bouchal, J.M., 2022. Catalogue of revised and new plant macrofossils from the Aquitanian-Burdigalian of Soma (W Turkey) – Biogeographic and palaeoclimatic implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 296, 104550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
37.
Djordjević-Milutinović, D., Dulić, I., 2009. Leaf polymorphism of Platanus neptuni mf. fraxinifolia (Johnson & Gilmore) Kvaček et Manchester from Oligocene deposits at Janda (Mt. Fruška Gora, Serbia). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum 2009(2), 7–33.
38.
Doweld, A.B., 2018. New names of fossil Berberidaceae. Phytotaxa 351(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phyto....
39.
Ellis, B., Daly, D.C., Hickey, L.J., Johnson, K.R., Mitchell, J.D., Wilf, P., Wing, S.L., 2009. Manual of leaf architecture. Cornell University Press, 191 p.
40.
Erdei, B., Hably, L., 2021. Fossil Gordonia (s.l.) – like (Theaceae) winged seeds from the early Miocene of the Mecsek Mts, W Hungary. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 101, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549....
41.
Erdei, B., Hably, L., Kázmér, M., Utescher, T., Bruch, A., 2007. Neogene flora and vegetation development of the Pannonian domain in relation to palaeoclimate and palaeogeography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 253, 131–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
42.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1851. Die Tertiär-Floren der Österreichischen Monarchie. 1. Die tertiäre Flora der Umgebung von Wien. Abhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt 2, 1–36.
43.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1858. Die fossile Flora von Köflach in Steiermark. Jahrbuch der kaiserlich königlichen geologischen Reichsanstalt 8(4) (1857), 738–756.
44.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1866. Die fossile Flora des Tertiär-Beckens von Bilin. I. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 26, 79–174.
45.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1868. Die fossile Flora des Tertiär-Beckens von Bilin. II. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 28, 191–242.
46.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1869a. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Tertiärflora Steiermark’s. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 60, 17–100.
47.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1869b. Die fossile Flora des Tertiär-Beckens von Bilin. III. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 29, 1–110.
48.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1870. Beiträge zur Kentniß der fossilen Flora von Radoboj. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 61, 829–906.
49.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1878a. Beiträge zur Erforschung der Phylogenie der Pflanzenarten. I-II. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 38, 65–80.
50.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1878b. Beiträge zur Erkenntnis der fossilen Flora von Parschlug in Steiermark. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 38, 81–92.
51.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1882. Beiträge zur Erforschung der Phylogenie der Pflanzenarten. III-VII. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 43(1), 93–102.
52.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1887. Über das Vorkommen einer Cycadee in der Flora von Leoben in Steiermark. Sit-zungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 95, 80–81.
53.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1888. Die fossile Flora von Leoben in der Steiermark. 1., 2. Teil. Denkschriften der kaiser-lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 54, 261–318, 319–384.
54.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1890. Die fossile Flora von Schoenegg bei Wies in Steiermark. I. Theil. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 57, 61–112.
55.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1893. Über neue Pflanzenfossilien aus den Tertiärschichten Steiermarks. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 60, 313–343.
56.
Ettingshausen, C.v., 1894. Die Florenelemente der europäischen Tertiärbuche. (Fagus feroniae Ung.). Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 61, 1–16.
57.
Ettingshausen, C.v., Standfest, F., 1888. Über Myrica lignitum Unger und ihre Beziehungen zu den lebenden Myrica-Arten. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 54, 255–260.
58.
Farjon, A., 2005. A monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, 643 p.
59.
Ferguson, D.K., 1971. The Miocene flora of Kreuzau Western Germany. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, afd. Natuurkunde, tweede reeks 60(1), 1–297.
60.
Ferguson, D.K., Jähnichen, H., Alvin, K.L., 1978. Amentotaxus Pilger from the European Tertiary. Feddes Repertorium 89, 379–410.
61.
Gaudant, J., 1993. Nouvelles recherches sur l’ichthyofaune lacustre des lignites miocènes de Leoben (Styrie). Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Kl. 200, 163–177.
62.
Goeppert, H.R., 1836. De floribus in statu fossili commentatio. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosum 18(2), 547–572.
63.
Goeppert, H.R., 1855. Die tertiäre Flora von Schossnitz in Schlesien. 52 p. Heynsche Buchhandlung (E. Remer). Görlitz, Königsberg.
64.
Gruber, W., Sachsenhofer, R.F., 2001. Coal deposition in the Noric Depression (Eastern Alps): raised and low-lying mires in Miocene pull-apart basins. International Journal Coal Geology 48, 89–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-....
65.
Gruber, W., Sachsenhofer, R.F., Wagreich, M., 2012. Neogene pull-apart basins in the Eastern Alps (Austria). Journal of Alpine Geology 54, 293–307.
66.
Güner, T.H., Denk, T., 2012. The genus Mahonia in the Miocene of Turkey: Taxonomy and biogeographic implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 175, 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
67.
Hably, L., 1992. Distribution of legumes in the Tertiary of Hungary. In: Herendeen, P.S., Dilcher, D.L. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics Part 4. The Fossil Record, The Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, pp. 169–187.
68.
Hably, L., 2007. New European records and first evidence of epidermal structure of Sloanea L. from the Italian Oligocene – revised type and original material of Principi 1916. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 113(3), 449–457. https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-....
69.
Hably, L., 2020. The Karpatian (late early Miocene) flora of Mecsek area. Acta Palaeobotanica 60(1), 51–122. https://doi.org/10.35535/acpa-....
70.
Hably, L., Kovar-Eder, J., 1996. A representative leaf assemblage of the Pannonian Lake from Dozmat near Szombathely (West Hungary), Upper Pannonian, Upper Miocene. Advances in Austrian-Hungarian Joint Geological Research, Budapest, pp. 71–74.
71.
Hably, L., Kvaček, Z., 1997. Early Pliocene plant megafossils from the volcanic area in West Hungary. Studia Naturalia 10, 5–151.
72.
Hably, L., Manchester, S.R., 2000. Fruits of Tetrapterys (Malphigiaceae) from the Oligocene of Hungary and Slovenia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 111, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-....
73.
Hably, L., Thiébaut, M., 2002. Revision of Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) fruits and leaves from the Tertiary of Hungary and France. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 262, 71–90.
74.
Hably, L., Erdei, B., Kvaček, Z., 2001. 19th century’s palaeobotanical types and originals of the Hungarian Nat-ural History Museum. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, 235 p.
75.
Hably, L., Tamás, J., Cioppi, E., 2007. Sloanea peolai n. comb. – A new European record of Sloanea (Elaeocar-paceae) in the Italian Oligocene. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 146, 18–28.
76.
Hantke, R., 1954. Die fossile Flora der obermiozänen Oehninger-Fundstelle Schrotzburg (Schienerberg, Süd-Baden). Denkschriften der Schweizer Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 80, Abhandlungen 2, 31–118.
77.
He, W.-L., Wang, X.-J., 2021. A Miocene flora from the Toupi Formation in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China. Palaeoworld 30(4), 757–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palw....
79.
Hofmann, E., 1933. Tertiäre Pflanzenreste von verschiedenen österreichischen Lagerstätten. Mitteilungen der Geologischen Gesellschaft Wien 25, 144–176.
80.
Holý, F., Kvaček, Z., Teodoridis, V., 2012. A review of the Early Miocene Mastixioid flora of the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia (The Czech Republic). Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze, Řada B, Přírodní 68(3–4), 53–118.
81.
Hukushima, T., Takasuna, H., Matsui, T., Nishio, T., Kyan, Y., Tsunetomi, Y., 1995. New phytosociological classification of beech forests in Japan. Japanese Journal of Ecology 45, 79–98.
82.
Hummel, A., 1983. The Pliocene flora from Ruszów near Żary in Lower Silesia, SW Poland. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 36, 9–104.
83.
Hummel, A., 1991. The Pliocene leaf flora from Ruszów near Żary in Lower Silesia, south-west Poland. Part II (Betulaceae). Acta Palaeobotanica 31(1, 2), 73–151.
84.
Iljinskaja, I.A., 1962. Tortonskaya flora Svosovice i pliotsenovye flory Zakarpatya. [Tortonian flora from Svosovice and Pliocene floras from Zakarpatia]. Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal 1963(3), 102–110. (in Russian).
85.
Iljinskaja, I.A. 1964. Tortonskaya flora Svosovice. Paleobotanika 5, 115–144. Leningrad, Moskva. (in Russian).
86.
IPNI, 2023. International Plant Names Index. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Herbarium. Last access September 2024.
88.
Jacques, F.M.B, Su, T., Spicer, R.A., Xing, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, W., Zhou, Z., 2011. Leaf Physiognomy and Climate: Are Monsoon Climates Different? Global and Planetary Change 76, 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glop....
89.
Jähnichen, H., 1966. Morphologisch-anatomische Studien über strukturbietende, ganzrandige Eichenblätter des Subgenus Euquercus-Quercus lusatica n. sp. – im Tertiär Mitteleuropas. Monatsberichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften 8, 477–512.
90.
Jähnichen, H., Mai, H.D., Walther, H., 1977. Blätter und Früchte von Engelhardia Lesch. ex Bl. (Juglandaceae) aus dem europäischen Tertiär. Feddes Repertorium 88, 323–363.
91.
Jähnichen, H., Friedrich, W.L., Takáč, M., 1984. Engelhardioid leaves and fruits from the European Tertiary, part 2, in memoriam Franz Kirchheimer. Tertiary Research 6(3), 109–134.
92.
Jia, L.B., Manchester, S.R., Su, T., Xing, Y.W., Chen, W.Y., Huang, Y.J., Zhou, Z.K., 2015. First occurrence of Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) in Asia and its biogeographic implications. Journal of Plant Research 128, 747–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265....
93.
Jia, L.B., Su, T., Huang, Y.J., Wu, F.X., Deng, T., Zhou, Z.K., 2019. First fossil record of Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau: Implications for morphological evolution and biogeography. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 57(2), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12....
94.
Khan, M.A., Spicer, R.A., Bera, S., Ghosh, R., Yang, J., Spicer, T.E.V., Guo, S.-X., Su, T., Jacques, F.M.B., Grote, P.J., 2014. Miocene to Pleistocene floras and climate of the Eastern Himalayan Siwaliks, and new palaeoelevation estimates for the Namling-Oiyug Basin, Tibet. Global and Planetary Change 113, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glop....
95.
Kilpper, K., 1968. Koniferen aus den tertiären Deckschichten des Niederrheinischen Hauptflözes. 3. Taxodiaceae und Cupressaceae. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 124(4–6), 102–111.
96.
Klaus, W., 1984. Pinus brutia Ten., ssp. vindobonensis n. ssp. und weitere fossile Mediterrankiefern aus Österreichs Miozänablagerungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Serie A, 86, 41–54.
97.
Klaus, W., 1985. Ein fossiler Zapfen der Aleppo-Kiefer aus dem Mittel-Miozän der Steiermark, Österreich. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Serie A, 87, 115–120.
98.
Knobloch, E., 1964. Haben Cinnamomum scheuchzeri Heer und Cinnamomum polymorphum (Al. Braun) Heer nomenklatorisch richtige Namen? Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1964(10), 597–603.
100.
Knobloch, E., Kvaček, Z., 1976. Miozäne Blätterfloren vom Westrand der Böhmischen Masse. Rozpravy Ústředniho Ústavu Geologického 42, 1–131.
101.
Knobloch, E., Kvaček, Z., 1996. Miozäne Floren der südböhmischen Becken. Sborník Geologických Věd, Paleontologie 33, 39–77.
102.
Kohlman-Adamska, A., Ziembińska-Tworzydło, M., Zastawniak, E., 2004. In situ pollen in some flowers and inflorescences in the Late Miocene flora of Sośnica (SW Poland). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 132(3–4), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
103.
Kolakovskii, A.A., 1964. Pliotsenovaya flora Kodora. Sukhumskii Botanitsheskii Sad, Monografij 1, 1–209.
104.
Kotlaba, F., 1963. Tertiary plants from three new localities in southern Slovakia. Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze, Řada B, Přírodni Vědy 19(2), 53–74.
105.
Kottis, T., Ioakim, C., Velitzelos, E., Kvaček, Z., Denk, T., Velitzelos, D., 2002. Field guide to the Neogene of the Island of Evia – Early Miocene flora of Kymi. University of Athens; 60 p.
106.
Kovar, J., 1982. Eine Blätter-Flora des Egerien (Ober-Oligozän) aus marinen Sedimenten der Zentralen Paratethys im Linzer Raum (Österreich). Beiträge zur Paläontologie von Österreich 9, 1–209. Wien. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Bei....
107.
Kovar-Eder, J., 1990. Typen der Geologisch-Paläontologischen Abteilung, Paläobotanik. Kataloge der wissen-schaftlichen Sammlungen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Paläobotanik, Heft 1, 1–342.
108.
Kovar-Eder, J., 1996. Eine bemerkenswerte Blätter-Vergesellschaftung aus dem Tagebau Oberdorf bei Köflach, Steiermark (Unter-Miozän). Mitteilungen der Abteilung Geologie und Paläontologie Landesmuseum Joanneum 54, 147–171.
109.
Kovar-Eder, J., 1998. Obermiozäne (Pannone) Floren aus der Molassezone Österreichs. Beiträge zur Paläontologie Österreichs 14, 19–121.
110.
Kovar-Eder, J., Hably, L., 2006. The Late Miocene flora of Mataschen, Styria (Austria), Early Pannonian. Acta Palaeobotanica 46(2), 157–233.
111.
Kovar-Eder, J., Krainer, B., 1990. Faziesentwicklung und Florenabfolge des Aufschlusses Wörth bei Kirchberg/ Raab (Pannon, Steirisches Becken). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 91 A, 7–38. http://verlag.nhm-wien.ac.at/p....
112.
Kovar-Eder, J., Kvaček, Z., 2003. Towards Vegetation Mapping Based on the Fossil Plant Record. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica 46(4), 7–13.
113.
Kovar-Eder, J., Kvaček, Z., 2007. The integrated plant record (IPR) to reconstruct Neogene vegetation – the IPR vegetation analysis. Acta Palaeobotanica 47(2), 391–418.
114.
Kovar-Eder, J., Meller, B., 2001. Plant assemblages from the hanging wall sequence of the opencast mine Oberdorf N Voitsberg, Styria (Austria, Early Miocene, Ottnangian). Palaeontographica, Abt. B 259, 65–112.
115.
Kovar-Eder, J., Meller, B., 2003. Plant assemblages from the main seam parting of the western sub-basin of Oberdorf, N Voitsberg, Styria, Austria (Early Miocene). Courier des Forschungs-Instituts Senckenberg 241, 281–311.
116.
Kovar-Eder, J., Wójcicki, J.J., 2001. A Late Miocene (Pannonian) flora from Hinterschlagen, Hausruck lignite area, Upper Austria. Acta Palaeobotanica 41(2), 221–251.
117.
Kovar-Eder, J., Meller, B., Zetter, R., 1998. Comparative investigations on the basal fossiliferous layers at the opencast mine Oberdorf (Koeflach-Voitsberg lignite deposit, Styria, Austria; Lower Miocene). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 101, 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-....
118.
Kovar-Eder, J., Haas, M., Hofmann, C.-C., Meller, B., 2001a. An early Miocene plant assemblage severly influenced by a volcanic eruption, Styria, Austria. Palaeontology 44(4), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4....
119.
Kovar-Eder, J., Kvaček, Z., Meller, B., 2001b. Comparing Early (/Middle) Miocene floras and probable vegetation types of Oberdorf N Voitsberg (Austria), Bohemia (Czech Republic), and Wackersdorf (Germany). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 114, 83–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-....
120.
Kovar-Eder, J., Kvaček, Z., Ströbitzer-Hermann, M., 2004. The Miocene flora of Parschlug (Styria, Austria) – Revision and synthesis. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 105A, 435–159.
121.
Kovar-Eder, J., Jechorek, H., Kvaček, Z., Parashiv, V., 2008. The integrated plant record: an essential tool for reconstructing Neogene zonal vegetation in Europe. Palaios 23, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2....
122.
Kovar-Eder, J., Mazouch, P., Teodoridis, V., Roth-Nebelsick, A., Traiser, C., Wypich, J., 2021. Modern vegetation proxies reflect Palaeogene and Neogene vegetation evolution and climate change in Europe, Turkey, and Armenia. Palaeontologia Electronica, 24(2), a18. https://doi.org/10.26879/1131.
123.
Kovar-Eder, J., Kvaček, Z., Teodoridis, V., Mazouch, P., Collinson, M.E., 2022. Floristic, vegetation and climate assessment of the early/middle Miocene Parschlug flora indicates distinct seasonal climate. Fossil Imprint 78(1), 80–144. https://doi.org/10.37520/fi.20....
124.
Kräusel, R., Weyland, H., 1950. Kritische Untersuchungen zur Kutikularanalyse tertiärer Blätter I. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 91, 7–92.
125.
Kräusel, R., Weyland, H., 1959. Kritische Untersuchungen zur Kutikularanalyse tertiärer Blätter IV. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 105, 101–124.
126.
Krejci-Graf, K.-Menzel, P.-Weiler, W., 1930. Pflanzen und Tiere aus dem Tertiär von Leoben. Senckenbergiana 12, 51–64.
127.
Kreunen, S.S., Osborn, J.M., 1999. Pollen and anther development in Nelumbo (Nelumbonaceae). American Journal of Botany 86(12), 1662–1676.
128.
Kvaček, J. (ed.), 2024. Plant Fossil Names Registry. plantfossilnames.org. Accessed 13 June 2024.
129.
Kvaček, Z., 1979. Some members of Magnoliaceae from the European Tertiary. Palaeontologická Konference ’77, Charles University, 169–182.
130.
Kvaček, Z., 1989. Fosilní Tetraclinis Mast. (Cupressaceae). Časopis Národního Muzea Řada přírodovědná 155, 45–54.
131.
Kvaček, Z., 1995. Limnobiophyllum Krassilov – a fossil link between the Araceae and the Lemnaceae. Aquatic Botany 50, 49–61.
132.
Kvaček, Z., 1998. Bilina: a window on Early Miocene marshland environments. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 101, 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-....
133.
Kvaček, Z., 1999. An ancient Calocedrus (Cupressaceae) from the European Tertiary. Flora 194, 237–248.
134.
Kvaček, Z., 2004. A noteworthy cycad, Ceratozamia hofmannii Ettingshausen 1887, from the Lower Miocene of Austria re-examined. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 2004(2), 111–118.
135.
Kvaček, Z., 2006. Fossil fruits of Reevesia (Malvaceae, subfam. Helicteroideae) and associated plant organs (seeds, foliage) from the Lower Miocene of North Bohemia (Czech Republic ). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 2006, 431–448.
136.
Kvaček, Z., 2008. Whole-plant reconstructions in fossil angiosperm research. International Journal of Plant Sciences 169, 918–927.
137.
Kvaček, Z., Bůžek, C., 1972. Nyssa-leaves from the Tertiary of Central Europe. Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 17(4), 373–382.
138.
Kvaček, Z., Bůžek, C., 1994. A new Early Miocene Mahonia Nutt. (Berberidaceae) of Europe. Věstnik Českého Geologického Ústavu 69(3), 59–62.
139.
Kvaček, Z., Erdei, B., 2001. Putative proteaceous elements of the Lomatites-type reinterpreted as new Berberis of the European Tertiary. Plant Systematics and Evolution 226(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606....
140.
Kvaček, Z., Holý, F., 1974. Alnus julianaeformis (Sternberg 1823) comb. n., a noteworthy Neogene alder. Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 19(4), 367–372.
141.
Kvaček, Z., Hurnik, S., 2000. Revision of Early Miocene plants preserved in baked rocks in the North Bohemian Tertiary. Sborník Narodního Muzea v Praze, řada B, Přírodní vědy 56(1–2), 1–48.
142.
Kvaček, Z., Rember, W.C., 2007. Calocedrus robustior (Cupressaceae) and Taxus schornii (Taxaceae): two new conifers from the middle Miocene Latah Formation of northern Idaho. PaleoBios 27(2), 68–79.
143.
Kvaček, Z., Teodoridis, V., 2019. A putative Australian element in the European Miocene re-investigated – Mahonia exulata (Unger) Kvaček et Teodoridis comb. nov. et emend. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 293(2), 139–143.
144.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1974. Bemerkenswerte und seltene cinnamomoide Blätter aus dem Grenzbereich des Oligo-Miozäns Mitteleuropas. Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie Dresden 21, 197–221.
145.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1981. Studium über Quercus cruciata Al. Braun und analoge Blattformen aus dem Tertiär Europas. Acta Palaeobotanica 21(2), 77–100.
146.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1984a. Nachweis tertiärer Theaceen Mitteleuropas nach blatt-epidermalen Untersuchungen. I. Teil – Epidermale Merkmalskomplexe rezenter Theaceae. Feddes Repertorium 95(4), 209–227.
147.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1984b. Nachweis tertiärer Theaceen Mitteleuropas nach blatt-epidermalen Untersuchungen. II. Teil – Bestimmung fossiler Theaceen-Sippen. Feddes Repertorium 95(5–6), 331–346.
148.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1988. Revision der mitteleuropäischen Fagaceen nach blattepidermalen Charakteristiken II. Teil – Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach, Trigonobalanus Forman, Trigonobalanopsis Kvaček & Walther. Feddes Repertorium 99(9–10), 395–418.
149.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1989. Paleobotanical studies in Fagaceae of the European Tertiary. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162, 213–229.
150.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1991. Revision der mitteleuropäischen tertiären Fagaceen nach blattepidermalen Charakteristiken IV. Teil – Fagus L. Feddes Repertorium 102, 471–534.
151.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 1998. The Oligocene volcanic flora of Kundratice near Litoměřice České středohoří Volcanic Complex (Czech Republic) – a review. Sborník Narodního Muzea v Praze, řada B, Přírodní vědy 54(1–2), 1–42.
152.
Kvaček, Z., Walther, H., 2004. Oligocene flora of Bechlejovice at Děčin from the neovolcanic area of the České středohoří Mountains, Czech Republic. Sborník Narodního Muzea v Praze, řada B, Přírodní vědy 60(1–2), 9–60.
153.
Kvaček, Z., Bůžek, C., Manchester, S.R., 1991. Fossil fruits of Pteleaecarpum Weyland – tiliaceous, not sapindaceous. Botanical Gazette 152(4), 522–523.
154.
Kvaček, Z., Manchester, S.R., Schorn, H.E., 2000. Cones, seeds, and foliage of Tetraclinis salicornioides (Cupressaceae) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Western North America: A geographic extension of the European Tertiary species. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161(2), 331–344.
155.
Kvaček, Z., Hably, L., Manchester, S.R., 2001. Sloanea (Elaeocarpaceae) fruits and foliage from the early Oligocene of Hungary and Slovenia. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 259, 113–124.
156.
Kvaček, Z., Manchester, S.R., Zetter, R., Pingen, M., 2002. Fruits and seeds of Craigia bronnii (Malvaceae – Tilioideae) and associated flower buds from the late Miocene Inden Formation, Lower Rhine Basin, Germany. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 119, 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-....
157.
Kvaček, Z., Dvořak, Z., Mach, K., Sakala, J., 2004a. Třetihorní rostliny severočeské hnědouhelné pánve. Severočeské doly a.s., Chomutov Granit, s.r.o., Praha, 159 p.
158.
Kvaček, Z., Böhme, M., Dvořák, Z., Konzalova, M., Mach, K., Prokop, J., Rajchl, M., 2004b. Early Miocene fresh-water and swamp ecosystems of the Most Basin (northern Bohemia) with particular reference to the Bílina Mine section. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 49(1–2), 1–40.
159.
Kvaček, Z., Teodoridis, V., Roiron, P., 2011. A forgotten Miocene mastixioid flora of Arjuzanx (Landes, SW France). Palaeontographica, Abt. B 285(1–3), 3–111.
160.
Kvaček, Z., Teodoridis, V., Radoň, M., 2018. Review of the late Oligocene flora of Matrý near Sebuzín (České Středohoří Mts., Czech Republic). Fossil Imprint 74(3–4), 292–316.
161.
Kvaček, Z., Teodoridis, V., Denk, T., 2020. The Pliocene flora of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Taxonomy, palaeoenvironments and biogeographic affinities. Palaeodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 100, 647–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549....
162.
Lackenschweiger, H., 1937. Die Braunkohlenmude von Leoben. Zeitschrift für Berg-, Hütten- und Salinenwesen im Deutschen Reich 85, 209–213.
163.
Lear, C.H., Mawbey, E.M., Rosenthal, Y., 2010. Cenozoic benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and Li/Ca records: Toward unlocking temperatures and saturation states. Paleoceanography 25(4) PA4215, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA....
164.
LePage, B.A., 2011. A classification system to separate leaves of the Cephalotaxaceae, Taxaceae, and Taxodiaceae. Japanese Journal of Historical Botany 19(1–2), 109–116.
165.
Mädler, K., 1939. Die pliozäne Flora von Frankfurt am Main. Abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 446, 1–202.
166.
Magallón-Puebla, S., Cevallos-Ferriz, S.R., 1994. Latest occurrence of the extinct genus Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) in North America: Cedrelospermum manchesteri from Mexico. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 81(2–4), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6....
167.
Mai, D.H., 1964. Die Mastixioideen-Floren im Tertiär der Oberlausitz. Paläontologische Abhandlungen, Abt. B 2(1), 1–192.
168.
Mai, D.H., 1983. Studien an Endocarpien europäischer und westasiatischer Arten der Gattung Acer L. (Aceraceae). Gleditschia 10, 37–57.
169.
Mai, D.H., 1994. Fossile Koniferenreste in der meridionalen Zone Europas. Feddes Repertorium 105(3–4), 207–227.
170.
Mai, D.H., 1995. Tertiäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, 691 pp.
171.
Mai, D.H., Walther, H., 1988. Die pliozänen Floren von Thüringen, Deutsche Demokratische Republik. Quartärpaläontologie 7, 55–297.
172.
Mai, D.H., Walther, H., 1991. Die oligozänen und untermiozänen Floren NW-Sachsens und des Bitterfelder Raumes. Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie Dresden 38, 1–230.
173.
Manchester, S.R., 1989. Attached reproductive and vegetative remains of the extinct American-European genus Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) from the Early Tertiary of Utah and Colorado. American Journal of Botany 76(2), 256–276.
174.
Massalongo, A., Scarabelli, G., 1859. Studii sulla flora fossile e geologia stratigrafica del Senigalliese. Imola, pp. 504.
175.
Mauritsch, H.J., Scholger, R., 1998. Paläomagnetismus und Magnetostratigraphie im untermiozänen Braun-kohlentagebau Oberdorf (N Voitsberg, Steiermark, Österreich). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 140(4), 429–432.
176.
Meller, B., 1998. Systematisch-taxonomische Untersuchungen von Karpo-Taphocoenosen des Köflach-Voitsberger Braunkohlenrevieres (Steiermark, Österreich; Untermiozän) und ihre paläoökologische Bedeutung. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 140(4), 497–655.
177.
Meller, B., Kovar-Eder, J., Zetter, R., 1999. Lower Miocene leaf, palynomorph, and diaspore assemblages from the base of the lignite-bearing sequence in the opencast mine Oberdorf, N Voitsberg (Styria, Austria) as an indication of „Younger Mastixioid“ vegetation. Palaeontographica Abt. B 252, 123–179.
178.
Mosbrugger, V., Utescher, T., 1997. The coexistence approach – a method for quantitative reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial palaeoclimate data using plant fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 134, 61–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-....
179.
Mottl, M., 1970. Die juntertiären Säugetierfaunen der Steiermark, Südost-Österreichs. Mitteilungen Museum Bergbau, Geologie und Technik Landesmuseum Joanneum 31, 1–91.
180.
Nagalhard, K., 1922. Ulmaceae. In: Jongmans, W. (ed.), Fossilium Catalogus II. Plantae. Pars 10. Ulmaceae. pp. 1–84.
181.
Neubauer, F., Fritz, H., Genser, J., Kurz, W., Nemes, F., Wallbrecher, E., Wang, X., Willingshofer, E., 2000. Structural evolution within an extruding wedge: model and application to the Alpine-Pannonian system. In: Lehner, F.K., Urai, J.L. (eds), Aspects of Tectonic Faulting. Springer, Berlin, pp. 141–153.
182.
Neubauer, T.A., Harzhauser, M., Kroh, A., Georgopoulou, E., Mandic, O., 2015. A gastropod-based biogeographic scheme for the European Neogene freshwater systems. Earth-Science Reviews 143, 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ea....
183.
Nickol, M.G., 1998. Characterization of the domatia of Apollonias (Lauraceae) on the Atlantic Islands. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal, Supplement 5, 273–281.
186.
OETYP: Catalogue of palaeontological types in Austrian collections. https://www.oeaw.ac.at/oetyp/p....
187.
Palamarev, E.H., Petkova, A.S., 1987. La macroflore du Samartien. In: Tzankov, V. (ed.), Les fossiles de Bulgarie VIII. 1., 273 p. Academie Bulgare des Sciences, Sofia.
188.
POWO, 2023. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonl.... Last access January 2024.
189.
Procházka, M., Bůžek, Č., 1975. Maple leaves from the Tertiary of North Bohemia. Rozpravy Ústředniho Ústavu Geologického 41, 7–87.
190.
Raniecka-Bobrowska, J., 1954. Trzeciorzędowa flora liściowa z Konina. Biuletyn Institut Geologiczny 71, 5–36.
191.
Rasche, L., Kovar-Eder, J., 2009. Woody angiosperm taxa of the Canarian laurel forests: Leaf morphology and cuticular structures. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 2, 447–494.
192.
Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., Linzer, H., 1991. Lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps. Part 2: structural analysis. Tectonics 10, 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1029/90TC02....
193.
Rossmässler, E.A., 1840. Die Versteinerungen des Braunkohlensandsteins aus der Gegend von Altsattel in Böhmen (Elbogener Kreises). Arnoldsche Buchhandlung, Dresden, Leipzig, 142 p.
194.
Sachsenhofer, R.F., Kogler, A., Polesny, H., Strauss, P., Wagreich, M., 2000. The Neogene Fohnsdorf Basin: ba-sin formation and basin inversion during lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 415–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531....
195.
Sachsenhofer, R.F., Kuhlemann, J., Reischenbacher, D., 2002. Das Miozän der östlichen Norischen Senke. In: Mandl, G.W. (ed.), Arbeitstagung 2001. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien, pp. 135–145.
196.
Sachsenhofer, R.F., Bechtel, A., Reischenbacher, D., Weiss, A., 2003. Evolution of lacustrine systems along the Mur-Mürz fault system in the Eastern Alps (Austria) and implications on source rocks in pull-apart basins. Marine and Petroleum Geology 20, 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-....
197.
Sachsenhofer, R.F., Gruber, W., Dunkl, I., 2010. Das Miozän der Becken von Leoben und Fohnsdorf. Journal of Alpine Geology 53, 9–38.
198.
Sakala, J., 2004. The ‘‘whole-plant’’ concept in palaeobotany with examples from the Tertiary of northwestern Bohemia, Czech Republic with particular reference to fossil wood. PhD thesis. Charles University, Prague, and Université Pièrre et Marie Curie, Paris.
199.
Saporta, G., 1862. Études sur la végétation du sud-est de la France a l’époque tertiaire. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique, sér. 4, 17, 191–311.
200.
Saporta, G., 1865. Études sur la végétation du Sud-Est de la France à l’époque tertiaire. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique, sér. 5, 4, 5–264.
201.
Saporta, G., 1889. Dernières adjonctions à la flore fossile d’ Aix-en-Provence. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique, sér. 7, 10, 1–192.
202.
Saporta, G., 1891. Recherches sur la végétation du niveau aquitanien de Manosque. III. Amentacées, Salici-nées et Urticinées. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, Paléontologie, 9 (II), fasc. 1, 2, (III), fasc. 1, 2, 35–83.
204.
Schneider, W., 2007. Magnolia L. in peat-forming associations of the Miocene seams in Lower Lusatia (East Germany). Acta Palaeobotanica 47(1), 217–235.
205.
Sebe, K., Selmeczi, I., Szuromi-Korecz, A., Hably, L., Kovács, Á., Benkó Zs., 2019. Miocene syn-rift lacustrine sediments in the Mecsek Mts. (SW Hungary). Swiss Journal of Geosciences 112, 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015....
206.
Shevenell, A.E., Kennett, J.P., Lea, D.W., 2004. Middle Miocene Southern Ocean Cooling and Antarctic Cryosphere Expansion. Science 305, 1766–1770. https://doi.org/10.1126/scienc....
207.
Shevenell, A.E., Kennett, J.P., Lea, D.W., 2008. Middle Miocene ice sheet dynamics, deep-sea temperatures, and carbon cycling: A Southern Ocean perspective. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9(2), Q02006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC....
208.
Smith, M.K., Manchester, S.R., 2019. A new species of “gigantic” capsular fruits of Vaccinioideae from Miocene of Idaho. Palaeontologia Electronica 22.3.65, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.26879/982.
209.
Spicer, R.A., 2000. Leaf Physiognomy and Climate Change. In: Culver, S.J., Rawson, P. (eds), Biotic Response to Global Change: the Last 145 Million Years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 244–264.
210.
Spicer, R.A., 2007. Recent and Future Developments of CLAMP: Building on the Legacy of Jack A. Wolfe. Cou-rier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg 258, 109–118.
211.
Spicer, R A., 2011–2021. CLAMP on-line: http://clamp.ibcas.ac.cn/Clamp.... Last access February 2024.
212.
Spicer, R.A., Herman, A.B., Kennedy, E.M., 2004. The Foliar Physiognomic Record of Climatic Conditions During Dormancy: CLAMP and the Cold Month Mean Temperature. Journal of Geology 112, 685–702. https://doi.org/10.1086/424579.
213.
Spicer, R.A., Valdes, P.J., Spicer, T.E.V., Craggs, H.J., Srivastava, G., Mehrotra, R.C., Yang, J., 2009. New developments in CLAMP: Calibration using global gridded meteorological data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 283, 91–98.
214.
Spicer, R., Valdes, P., Hughes, A., Yang, J., Spicer, T., Herman, A., Farnsworth, A., 2020. New insights into the thermal regime and hydrodynamics of the early Late Cretaceous Arctic. Geological Magazine 157, 1729–1746. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00167....
215.
Steinthorsdottir, M., Coxall, H.K., de Boer, A.M., Huber, M., Barbolini, N., Bradshaw, C.D., Burls, N.J., Feakins, S.J., Gasson, E., Hendriks, J., Holbourn, A.E., Kiel, S., Kohn, M.J., Knorr, G., Kürschner, W.M., Lear, C.H., Liebrand, D., Lunt, D.J., Mörs, T., Pearson, P.N., Pound, M.J., Stoll, H., Strömberg, C.A.E., 2020. The Miocene: The future of the past. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 36, e2020PA004037. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA....
216.
Sternberg, K.M. v., 1823. Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt. 3. Regensburg, Praha.
217.
Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less contin-uously updated since].” http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/res.... Last access February 2024.
218.
Stockey, R.A., Hoffman, G.L., Rothwell, G., 1997. The fossil monocot Limnobiophyllum scutatum: resolving the phylogeny of Lemnaceae. American Journal of Botany 84(3), 355–368. https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.....
219.
Strauss, P., Wagreich, M., Decker, K., Sachsenhofer, R.F., 2001. Tectonics and sedimentation in the Fohnsdorf-Seckau Basin (Miocene, Austria): From a pull-apart basin to a half-graben. International Journal of Earth Sciences 90, 549–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531....
220.
Striegler, U., 2017. Die obermiozäne Flora des Blättertons von Wischgrund und anderer gleichaltriger Fundstellen der Klettwitzer Hochfläche (Niederlausitz, Land Brandenburg, Deutschland). Peckiana 12, 1–151.
221.
Ströbitzer, M., 1999. Die fossilen Blattvergesellschaftungen von Lintsching (Tamsweger Becken, Salzburg, Miozän). Beiträge zur Paläontologie 24, 91–153.
222.
Ströbitzer-Hermann, M., 2003. Systematik, Variabilität, regionale und stratigraphische Verbreitung und Ökologie der Gattung Acer L. in Mitteleuropa vom Oligozän bis ins Pliozän. PhD thesis, Universität Wien.
223.
Stur, D., 1867. Beiträge zur Flora der Süßwasserquarze, der Congerien- und Cerithienschichten im Wiener und ungarischen Becken. Jahrbuch der geologischen Reichsanstalt 17, 77–188.
224.
Tang, D., Wang, Z., Ding, H., Huang, Y., Ding, S., Wu, J., 2023. New discovery of Mahonia fossils from the Plio-cene of Yunnan, China, and its biogeographical significance. Historical Biology 35(12), 2435–2448. https://doi.org/10.1080/089129....
225.
Teodoridis, V., Kvaček, Z., 2015. Palaeoenvironmental evaluation of Cainozoic plant assemblages from the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic) and adjacent Germany. Bulletin of Geosciences 90(3), 695–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3140/bull....
226.
Teodoridis, V., Mazouch, P., 2017. How to interpret palaeoclimate CLAMP estimates – is it a number value or an interval range? Bulletin of Geosciences 91(4), 661–668. https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.g....
227.
Teodoridis, V., Kovar-Eder, J., Marek, P., Mazouch, P., Kvaček, Z., 2011–2021. IPR database. http://www.iprdatabase.eu/. Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague.
228.
Teodoridis, V., Kovar-Eder, J., Mazouch, P., 2011a. Integrated Plant Record (IPR) vegetation analysis applied to modern vegetation in South China and Japan. Palaios 26, 623–638. https//doi.org/10.2110/palo.2010.p10-149r.
229.
Teodoridis, V., Mazouch, P., Spicer, R.A., Uhl, D., 2011b. Refining CLAMP – Investigations towards improving the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 299, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
230.
Teodoridis, V., Kvaček, Z., Zhu, H., Mazouch, P., 2012. Environmental analysis of the mid-latitudinal European Eocene sites of plant macrofossils and their possible analogues in East Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 333–334, 40–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
231.
Teodoridis, V., Mazouch, P., Kovar-Eder, J., 2020. The Integrated Plant Record (IPR) analysis: Methodological advances and new insights into the evolution of European Palaeogene/Neogene vegetation. Palaeontologica Electronica 23(1), a16, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.26879/1055.
232.
Teodoridis, V., Mazouch, P., Kovar-Eder, J., 2021. On-line application of Drudge 1 and 2 – simple and quick de-termination of the modern vegetation most closely resembling fossil plant assemblages. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 299(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/....
233.
Ter Braak, C.J.F., 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67, 1167–1179. https://doi.org/10.2307/193867....
234.
Tomlinson, P., 1985. An aid to the identification of fossil buds, bud-scales and catkin-scales of British trees and shrubs. Circaea 3(2), 61–132.
235.
Trees and Shrubs Online (International Dendrology Society): treesandshrubsonline.org. Last access December 2023.
236.
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kus-ber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J., Smith, G.F., (eds.), 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nine-teenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botani-cal Books.
238.
Unger, F., 1849. Blätterabdrücke aus dem Schwefelflötze von Swoszowice in Galicien. Haidingers Naturwis-senschaftliche Abhandlungen 3, 121–128.
239.
Unger, F., 1850a. Genera et species plantarum fossilium. XL, 627 p. W. Braumüller.
240.
Unger, F., 1850b. Die Gattung Glyptostrobus in der Tertiär-Formation. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Aka-demie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 5, 434–435.
241.
Unger, F., 1851. Die fossile Flora von Sotzka. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 2, 127–197.
242.
Unger, F., 1852. Iconographia plantarum fossilium. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 4, 73–118.
243.
Unger, F. 1855. Bemerkungen über einige Pflanzenreste im Thonmergel des Kohlenflözes von Prevali. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Cl. 18, 28–32.
244.
Unger, F., 1860. Sylloge plantarum fossilium I. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Cl. 19, 1–48.
245.
Unger, F., 1866. Sylloge plantarum fossilium III. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaf-ten, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Cl. 25, 1–76.
246.
Unger, F., 1867. Die fossile Flora von Kumi auf der Insel Euboea. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Cl. 27, 27–87.
247.
Van der Made, J., 1989. The bovid Pseudoeotragus seegrabensis nov. gen., nov. sp. from the Aragonian (Miocene) of Seegraben near Leoben (Austria). Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen Series B-Palaeontology Geology Physics Chemistry Anthropology 92, 215–239.
248.
Van der Made, J., Knežević, S., Stefanović, I., 2007. A mid-Miocene age for the Slanci Formation near Belgrade (Serbia), based on a record of the primitive antelope Eotragus cf. clavatus from Višnjica. Geološki Anali Balkanskoga Poluostrva 68, 53–59.
249.
Viviani, V., 1833. Lettre de M. le professeur Viviani a M. Pareto sur les restes de plantes fossiles trouvées dans les gypses tertiaires de la Stradella près Pavie. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France 1, 129–134.
250.
Walther, H., 1972. Studien über tertiäre Acer Mitteleuropas. Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mi-neralogie und Geologie 19, 1–309.
251.
Walther, H., 1999. Die Tertiärflora von Kleinsaubernitz bei Bautzen. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 249, 63–174.
252.
Walther, H., 2000. Der Ahorn, Baum des Jahres 1995, paläobotanisch betrachtet. Abhandlungen der natur-wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis Dresden, 1995/1996, 95–120.
253.
Walther, H., Kvaček, Z., 2007. Early Oligocene flora of Seifhennersdorf (Saxony). Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze, Řada B, Přirodni védy 63, 85–174.
254.
Walther, H., Zastawniak, E., 1991. Fagaceae from Sośnica and Malczyce (near Wrocław, Poland). A revision of original materials by Goeppert 1852 and 1855 and a study of new collections. Acta Palaeobotanica 31, 153–199.
255.
Wang, Ch.-W., 1961. The forests of China with a survey of grassland and desert vegetation. Maria Moors Cabot Foundation Publication Series 5, 1–313.
256.
Wang, L., Jacques, F.M., Su, T., Xing, Y., Zhang, S., Zhou, Z., 2013. The earliest fossil bamboos of China (middle Miocene, Yunnan) and their biogeographical importance. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 197, 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
257.
Watson, L., Dallwitz, M.J., 1992 (onwards). The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 14th December 2000. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/de....
258.
Weber, O., 1852. Die Tertiärflora der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation. Palaeontographica 2, 117–285.
259.
Wessel, P., Weber, O., 1856. Neuer Beitrag zur Tertiärflora der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation. Palaeontographica 4, 111–168.
260.
Weyland, H., 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der rheinischen Tertiär-Flora: VII. Fünfte Ergänzungen und Berichtigungen zur Flora der Blätterkohle und des Polierschiefers von Rott im Siebengebirge. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 88, 113–188.
261.
Weyland, H., Kilpper, K., 1963. Kritische Untersuchungen zur Kutikularanalyse tertiärer Blätter VI. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 113, 93–116.
263.
Wilf, P., Wing, S.L., Meyer, H.W., Rose, J.A., Saha, R., Serre, T., Cúneo, N.R., Donovan, M.P., Erwin, D.M., Gandolfo, M.A., González-Akre, E., Herrera, F., Hu, S., Iglesias, A., Johnson, K.R, Karim, T.S., Zou, X., 2021. An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning. PhytoKeys 187, 93–128. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytok....
264.
Winterscheid, H., Kvaček, Z., 2014. Revision der Flora aus den oberoligozänen Seeablagerungen von Orsberg bei Unkel am Rhein (Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland). Palaeontographica, Abt. B 291, 1–83.
265.
Wolfe, J.A., 1979. Temperature parameters of humid to mesic forests of eastern Asia and relation to forests of other regions of the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1106, 1–37.
266.
Wolfe, J.A., 1993. A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2040, 1–73.
267.
Wolfe, J.A., Spicer, R.A., 1999. Fossil leaf character states: multivariate analysis. In: Jones, T.P., Rowe, N.P. (eds), Fossil Plants and Spores: Modern Techniques. Geological Society, London, pp. 233–239.
268.
Wolfe, J.A., Tanai, T., 1987. Systematics, phylogeny, and distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of Western North America. Journal of the Faculty of Sciences Hokkaido University 22(1), 1–246.
269.
Worobiec, G., 2003. New fossil floras from Neogene deposits in the Bełchatów Lignite Mine. Acta Palaeobotanica, Supplementum 3, 3–133.
270.
Worobiec, G., Szynkiewicz, A., 2007. Betulaceae leaves in Miocene deposits of the Bełchatów Lignite Mine (Central Poland). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 147, 28–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
271.
Worobiec, E., Worobiec, G., 2005. Leaves and pollen of bamboos from the Polish Neogene. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 133(1–2), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
272.
Worobiec, G., Worobiec, E., 2020. The whole plant concept of Reevesia from the Neogene of the Bełchatów Lig-nite Mine (central Poland). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 273, 104–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
273.
Worobiec, G., Worobiec, E., Kvaček, Z., 2010. Neogene leaf morphotaxa of Malvaceae s.l. in Europe. International Journal of Plant Sciences 171, 892–914. https://doi.org/10.1086/655866.
274.
Worobiec, G., Worobiec, E., Szynkiewicz, A., 2012. Plant assemblage from the Upper Miocene deposits of the Bełchatów Lignite Mine (Central Poland). Acta Palaeobotanica 52(2), 369–413.
275.
Yang, J., Spicer, R.A., Spicer, T.E.V., Li, C-S., 2011. ‘CLAMP’ Online: a new web-based palaeoclimate tool and its application to the terrestrial Paleogene and Neogene of North America. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 91, 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549....
276.
Yang, J., Spicer, R.A., Spicer, T.E.V., Arens, N.C., Jacques, F.M.B., Su, T., Kennedy, E.M., Herman, A.B., Stuart, D.C., Srivastava, G., Mehrotra, R.C., Valdes, P.J., Mehrotra, N.C., Zhou, Z.-K., Lai, J.-S., 2015. Leaf form-climate relationships on the global stage: an ensemble of characters. Global Ecology and Biogeography. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12....
277.
Zastawniak, E., Walther, H., 1998. Betulaceae from Sośnica near Wrocław (Poland) – A revision of Goeppert's original materials and a study of more recent collections. Acta Palaeobotanica 38(1), 87–145.
278.
Zdarsky, A., 1909. Die miocäne Säugetierfauna von Leoben. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 59, 245–288.
279.
Zhang, J.-W., Huang, J., D’Rozario, A., Adams, J.M., Zhou, Z.-K., 2015. Calocedrus shengxianensis, a late Miocene relative of C. macrolepis (Cupressaceae) from South China: Implications for palaeoclimate and evolution of the genus. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 222, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
280.
Zidianakis, G., Iliopoulos, G., Zelilidis, A., Kovar-Eder, J., 2015. Myrica from the plant assemblage of Pitsidia (Crete, Late Miocene): putting the puzzle together. Palaeontographica, Abt. B 293, 149–171.
281.
Zidianakis, G., Iliopoulos, G., Zelilidis, A., Kovar-Eder, J., 2016. Pinus remains from the Pitsidia plant assemblage document coastal pine forests in southern Crete during the late Miocene. Review of Palaeobotany 235, 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
282.
Zolina, A.A., Golovneva, L.B., Spicer, R.A., 2020. Latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) climate of the Koryak Upland of North-East Russia based on a quantitative analysis of a palaeo-polar flora. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 560, 109997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
283.
Zwanziger, G.A., 1873. Nachtrag zu den neuen Funden von Tertiärpflanzen aus den Braunkohlenmergeln von Liescha. Carinthia I 63, 102–104.
284.
Zwanziger, G.A., 1877. Beiträge zur Flora von Liescha. Jahrbuch des naturhistorischen Landesmseums von Kärnten, 13, 1–99.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2082-0259 |
| ISSN: | 0001-6594 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
