Factors of selection and quality of wood used for woodcraft in medieval Polish strongholds and early urban centres
1 1 | W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków |
2 | Centre for Archaeology of Hills and Uplands, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków |
Online publication date: 2018-12-24
Publication date: 2018-12-24
Acta Palaeobotanica 2018; 58(2): 231–287
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses various aspects of the use of wood for crafts in the Middle Ages, based on
xylological analyses of 4211 crafted items of everyday use discovered at 62 archaeological sites in Poland. Over
1500 items were identified in the authors’ own analyses, and the remaining taxonomic data were taken from
the literature. The research showed that the main types of wood used at the time were Pinus sylvestris, Quercus
sp., Fraxinus excelsior, Picea sp. vel Larix sp., Taxus baccata, Alnus sp., Abies alba and Euonymus sp. Nineteen
other taxa were used to make a much smaller pool of objects.
At most of the analysed sites a similar set of materials was used to produce the items, regardless of their
age and location. The choice of wood was selective and was based on the characteristics of particular tree and
shrub species. Large coopered vessels were primarily made of wood from Quercus sp., Pinus sylvestris and Taxus
baccata. The manufacture of turned utensils usually involved Fraxinus excelsior, while stave bowls were made
using only Pinus sylvestris and Picea/Larix (mainly Picea abies).
To verify the local availability of the source taxa, we used pollen sequences from natural and anthropogenic
sites in the vicinity of the places where the examined artefacts were found. The choice of wood was limited by
the availability of the trees and shrubs. In north-western Poland the most important taxa used for woodworking
in the Middle Ages were Pinus sylvestris, Quercus sp., Fraxinus excelsior and Fagus sylvatica; in the south,
Picea/Larix and Abies alba were used most frequently. Some items made of Abies alba, Picea and Larix were
imported from other parts of the country.
We inferred two stages of the use of wood by medieval Polish craftsmen. In the first stage, from the mid-10th
century to the late 12th century, they largely used deciduous taxa; the second stage, from the 13th to the 15th
centuries, saw the increased use of conifers.
We found that the medieval craftsmen chose high-quality wood without defects. Radial wood with the best
technical parameters was preferred. Its share increased in the late Middle Ages; this can be attributed to the
craftsmen’s increasing familiarity with carpentry techniques.