ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Seed traits linked to differential survival of plants during the Cretaceous/Paleogene impact winter
| 1 | Science Department, Hoehne Re-3 School District, Hoehne, Colorado, 81046, USA |
Online publication date: 2020-12-30
Publication date: 2020-12-30
Acta Palaeobotanica 2020; 60(2): 307–322
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
In past investigations the pattern of differential survival of plants across the K/Pg boundary has
been viewed as incompatible with severe asteroid impact winter scenarios (i.e., an impact winter lasting more
than a few months), particularly the enigmatic survival of coryphoid palms and Pandanus (screw pine). Stateof-
the-art climate models based on soot, sulfate and nano-sized dust aerosols predict a global impact winter
that drastically reduced precipitation and resulted in a transient period of total darkness and permafrost conditions.
This suggests that the plants most likely to have been affected by the global mass-extinction event were
tropical phanerophytes that produce recalcitrant seeds, which by definition are desiccation-intolerant, survive
less than a year, and cannot survive freezing. However, this hypothesis has never been tested. In this study
I sampled over 100 plant species from the global fossil record that have a high probability of having produced
either recalcitrant seeds/disseminules (n1 = 58) or orthodox seeds (n2 = 59), based on their phylogenetic relationships
with extant taxa that either are monomorphic for these traits or specifically exhibit a genetic marker for
abscisic acid inhibition associated with seed dormancy and recalcitrance. A one-tailed z-test for the difference
between two proportions revealed that plant taxa with a high probability of having produced recalcitrant seeds
had significantly lower survivorship than plant taxa with a high probability of having produced orthodox seeds
(p < 0.0001). Based on these data, it can be concluded that plants which formed a frost-tolerant seed bank during
the latest Maastrichtian were significantly more likely to survive the K/Pg impact winter than plants which
did not (including palms). These data clearly indicate that the K/Pg impact winter probably lasted longer than
a year and that it selected for seed-based traits that effectively sorted correlated functional traits of mature
plants (i.e., leaf physiognomic features). This novel hypothesis stands as an alternative to J.A. Wolfe’s classic
hypothesis that a mild K/Pg impact winter selected for fast-growing angiosperms with deciduous leaves and did
not affect the plant communities of the Southern Hemisphere. Potential mechanisms for the rare survival of
tropical, recalcitrant-seeded plants are discussed.
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