ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A re-examination of the angiosperm wood record from the early and middle Miocene of Turkey, and new species descriptions
1
İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Forestry Faculty, Forest Botany Department, 34473 Bahceköy,
Istanbul, Turkey
Online publication date: 2021-06-30
Publication date: 2021-06-30
Acta Palaeobotanica 2021; 61(1): 42-94
HIGHLIGHTS
- The early and middle Miocene of Turkey shows a wide variety of woody plants.
- Sixteen woody plant species, twelve of which are new species, were identified.
- The woody plant assemblage indicates an environment of well-drained lowland with riparian and swamp conditions.
- The climate during the lifetime of the fossil woods may have been warm subtropical and rainy.
- Distinct growth ring boundaries indicate seasonality in the early and middle Miocene.
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
The early and middle Miocene in Turkey was characterised by a warm climate and a diversified
and rich vegetation. Many fossil angiosperm genera have been identified from this period. The present study
re-examined previously identified genera and identifed new samples of angiosperm wood remains. The studied
material included thin sections housed at the Department of Forest Botany, Division of Forest Engineering,
Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, and also new ones. Twelve new species are described: Liquidambaroxylon
efeae Akkemik sp. nov., Eucarpinoxylon kayacikii Akkemik sp. nov., Ostryoxylon gokceadaense
Akkemik sp. nov., Quercoxylon yaltirikii Akkemik sp. nov., Cryptocaryoxylon grandoleaceum Akkemik sp. nov.,
Fraxinoxylon beypazariense Akkemik sp. nov., Prunoidoxylon prunoides Akkemik sp. nov., Populoxylon sebenense
Akkemik sp. nov., Salicoxylon galatianum Akkemik sp. nov. Aceroxylon aceroides Akkemik sp. nov., Ulmoxylon
kasapligilii Akkemik sp. nov. and Zelkovoxylon crystalliferum Akkemik sp. nov. In addition, four previously
described species are documented for the early and middle Miocene: Pistacioxylon ufukii Akkemik and I. Poole,
Fagoxylon radiatum Süss, Laurinoxylon litseoides Süss and Platanoxylon catenatum Süss and Müller-Stoll. In
addition to the species descriptions, identification keys are given for all the genera recognised in this study,
including all currently known fossil species of the respective fossil genera. These keys hold important new information,
as they place the fossil species from Turkey in a wider taxonomic and biogeographic context. The results
show that in the early and early-middle Miocene of Turkey a rich woody flora existed in well-drained upland or
lowland and riparian areas. This flora comprised subtropical taxa along with warm-temperate taxa indicative of
seasonality of rainfall as well as transitions to xeric conditions in the early Miocene.
REFERENCES (120)
1.
Acarca Bayam, N.N., Akkemik, Ü., Poole, I., Akarsu, F., 2018. Further Contributions to the early Miocene forest vegetation of the Galatian Volcanic Province, Turkey. Palaeobotanica Electronica 21.3.40A, 1–42. https://doi.org/10.26879/816.
2.
Akartuna, M., 1950. Geological observations in Imbros island. Turkey Geology Bulletin 2/2, 8. [in Turkish].
3.
Akgün, F., Kayseri, M.S., Akkiraz, M.S., 2007. Palaeoclimatic evolution and vegetational changes during the Late Oligocene–Miocene period in Western and Central Anatolia (Turkey). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 253, 56–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
4.
Akkemik, Ü., 1995. The morphological characteristics of native elm (Ulmus L.) taxa. Review of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Istanbul 45(A-2), 93–115.
5.
Akkemik, Ü., 2018 (ed.). Native and Exotic Trees of Turkey. Publication of General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara [in Turkish].
6.
Akkemik, Ü., 2019. New fossil wood descriptions from Pliocene of central Anatolia and presence of Taxodioxylon in Turkey from Oligocene to Pliocene. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 28, 398–409. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-18....
7.
Akkemik, Ü., 2020. Some fossil conifer species descriptions from the Paleogene to Pliocene of Turkey and their evaluations. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science 8(3), 244–257.
8.
Akkemik, Ü., Acarca Bayam, N.N., 2019. The first Glyptostroboxylon and Taxodioxylon descriptions from the late Miocene of Turkey. Fossil Imprint 75(2), 268–280.
9.
Akkemik, Ü., Yaman, B., 2012. Wood Anatomy of Eastern Mediterranean Species. Kessel Publishing House, Germany.
10.
Akkemik, Ü., Türkoğlu, N., Poole, I., Çiçek, İ., Köse, N., Gürgen, G., 2009. Woods of a Miocene petrified forest near Ankara, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 33, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-08....
11.
Akkemik, Ü., Arslan, M., Poole, I., Tosun, S., Köse, N., Karlıoğlu Kılıç, N., Aydın, A., 2016. Silicified woods from two previously undescribed early Miocene forest sites near Seben, northwest Turkey. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 235, 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
12.
Akkemik, Ü., Acarca N.N., Hatipoğlu, M., 2017. The first Glyptostroboxylon from the Miocene of Turkey. IAWA Journal 38(4), 561–570. https://doi.org/10.1163/229419....
13.
Akkemik, Ü., Atıcı, G., Poole, I., Çobankaya, M., 2018. Three new silicified woods from a newly discovered earliest Miocene forest site in the Haymana Basin (Ankara, Turkey). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 254, 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
14.
Akkemik, Ü., Akkılıç, H., Güngör, Y., 2019. Fossil wood from the Neogene of the Kilyos coastal area in Istanbul, Turkey. Palaeontographica Abt. B 299(1–6), 133–185. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
15.
Akkiraz, M.S, Akgün, F., Utescher, T., Wilde, W., Bruch, A.A., Mosbrugger, V., 2012. Palaeflora and climate of lignitebearing lower–middle Miocene sediments in the Seyitömer and Tunçbilek subbasins, Kütahya province, Northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 21, 213–235.
16.
Andreanszky, G., 1952. Der versteinerte Wald von Mikofalva und einge andere verkieselte Baumstämme aus Ungarn. Annales Biologicae Universitatum Hungariae 1, 15–24 (for 1951).
17.
Andrews, H.N., 1952. Index of generic names of fossil plants 1820–1950. Geological Society of America Bulletin 63(5), 519–520. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1013....
18.
Arslan, M., Tosun, S., Ok, K., Akkemik, Ü., Köse, N., Aydın, A., Mutlu, H., Güneş, Y., Niyazi, F.S., Güler, N., Karlıoğlu, N., Güneş, M.Y., 2013. Determination of Natural and Cultural Values and Development of Management Plan in the Seben Petrified Forest. Technical Bulletin. No: 20. The Western Black Sea Forestry Research Institute, pp. 38.
19.
Bouchal, J.M., Güner, T.H., Denk, T., 2018. Middle Miocene climate of southwestern Anatolia from multiple botanical proxies. Climates of the Past 14, 1427–1440. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-....
20.
Bouchal, J.M., Güner, H.T., Velitzelos, D., Velitzelos, E., Denk, T., 2020. Messinian vegetation and climate of the intermontane Florina-Ptolemais-Servia Basin, NW Greece inferred from palaeobotanical data: how well do plant fossils reflect past environments? Royal Society Open Science 7, 192067. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.1....
21.
Biltekin, D., 2017. Palaeovegetational and palaeoclimatic changes during the early Miocene in central Taurus, Turkey. Bulletin of the Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University 38, 101–114.
22.
Boureau, E., 1958. Contribution a l’étude de l’Indochine (XVI): Sur le Quercoxylon ogurai n. sp., bois fossile de l’ile de Bach Long Vi (Golfe du Tonkin). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 2è Sér. 30, 526–531.
23.
Cheng, Y.M, Mehrotra, R.C., Jin, Y.G., Yang, W., Li, C.S., 2012. A new species of Pistacioxylon (Anacardiaceae) from the Miocene of Yunnan, China. IAWA Journal 33(2), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1163/229419....
24.
Cheng, Y.M., Wang, Y.F., Liu, F.X., Jin, Y.G., Mehrotra, R.C., Jiang, X.M., Li, C.S., 2018. The Neogene wood flora of Yuanmou, Yunnan, southwest China. IAWA Journal 39(4), 427–474. https://doi.org/10.1163/229419....
25.
Choi, S-K, Kim, K., Jeong, E-K., Terada, K., Suzuki, M., Uematsu, H., 2010. Fossil woods from the Miocene in the Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. IAWA Journal 31(1), 95–117.
26.
Denk, T., Güner, H.T., Grimm, G.W., 2014. From mesic to arid: Leaf epidermal features suggest preadaptation in Miocene dragon trees (Dracaena). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 200, 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
27.
Denk, T., Velitzelos, D., Güner, H.T., Ferrufino-Acosta, L., 2015. Smilax from the Miocene of the eastern Mediterranean with Caribbean biogeographic affinities. American Journal of Botany 102, 423–438. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.14....
28.
Denk, T., Güner, T.H., Kvaček, Z., Bouchal, M.J., 2017a. The early Miocene flora of Güvem (Central Anatolia, Turkey): a window into early Neogene vegetation and environments in the Eastern Mediterranean. Acta Palaeobotanica 57, 237–338. https://doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2....
29.
Denk, T., Velitzelos, E., Güner, H.T., Bouchal, M.J., Grímsson, F., Grimm, G.W., 2017b. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of two widespread western Eurasian Neogene sclerophyllous oak species: Quercus drymeja Unger and Q. mediterranea Unger. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 241, 98–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
30.
Denk, T., Zohner, C.M., Grimm, G.W., Renner, S.S., 2018. Plant fossils reveal major biomes occupied by the late Miocene Old-World Pikermian fauna. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, 1864–1870. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559....
31.
Denk, T., Güner, H.T., Bouchal, J.M., 2019. Early Miocene climate and biomes of Turkey: Evidence from leaf fossils, dispersed pollen, and petrified wood. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology 530, 236–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
32.
Dupéron, J., 1973. Oleoxylon aginnense n. gen. n. sp., Pistacioxylon muticoides n. gen. n. sp., bois fossiles tertiaires de la région de Grateloup. Bulletin of the Botanical Society of France 120, 311–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/003789....
33.
Efe, A., 1987. Studies on morphological and palynological characteristics of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. in Turkey. Rev. of Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul Univ. 37(A2), 273–286.
34.
Erdei, B., Akgün, F., Lumaga, M.R.B., 2010. Pseudodioon akyoli gen. et sp. nov., an extinct member of Cycadales from the Turkish Miocene. Plant Systematics and Evolution 285, 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606....
35.
Erşen Bak, F., Merev, N., 2016. Ecological wood anatomy of Fraxinus L. in Turkey (Oleaceae): intraspecific and interspecific variation. Turkish Journal of Botany 40(4), 356–372.
36.
Gevin, P., Koeniguer, J.C.L., Lemoigne, Y., 1971. Les bois fossiles du Dalaat el Admia (région de Tindouf, Algérie). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 13, 386–393. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfb....
37.
Gottwald, H., 1981. Anatomische Untersuchungen an pliözanen Hölzern aus Willershausen bei Gottingen. Palaeontographica Abt. B 179, 138–151.
38.
Gottwald, H., 1992. Hölzer aus Marinen Sanden des Oberen Eozän von Helmstedt (Niedersachsen). Palaeontographica Abt. B 225, 27–103.
39.
Gottwald, H., 2004. Neue taxonomische Untersuchungen an 205 tertiären Hölzern und 2 verkieselten Rindenresten aus der Südlichen Frankenalb und deren Randgebieten – mit Aussagen über Herkunft und Flora, Klima und Alter. Documenta Naturae 153, 1–93.
40.
Greguss, P., 1969. Tertiary angiosperm woods in Hungary. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
41.
Güner, H.T., 2019. Early Miocene palaeoclimatic reconstruction of Tunçbilek basin. Turkish Journal of Forestry 20(2), 93–100 [in Turkish]. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.5....
42.
Güner, H.T., Denk, T., 2012. The genus Mahonia in the Miocene of Turkey: Taxonomy and biogeographic implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 175, 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
43.
Güner, H.T., Bouchal, J.M., Köse, N., Göktaş, F., Mayda, S., Denk, T., 2017. Landscape heterogeneity in the Yatağan Basin (southwestern Turkey) during the middle Miocene inferred from plant macrofossils. Palaeontolographica Abt. B 296(1–6), 113–171. https://doi.org/10.1127/palb/2....
44.
Güngör, Y., Akkemik, Ü., Kasapçi, C., Başaran, E., 2019. Geology and woods of a new fossil forest from the early Miocene of Gökçeada (Turkey). Forestist 69(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.26650/fores....
45.
Hall, J.W., 1952. The Comparative Anatomy and Phylogeny of the Betulaceae. Botanical Gazette 113(3), 235–270. https://doi.org/10.1086/335717.
46.
Iamandei, E., Iamandei, S., 1999. Platanoxylon catenatum Süss & Müller-Stoll 1977, in Bacea area, Metalliferous Mts. Revue Roumaine de Géologie 42, 65–67.
47.
Iamandei, E., Iamandei, S., Diaconu, F., 2011. Fossil woods in the collections of Drobeta-Tr. Severin Museum. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniaea 7, 199–218.
48.
Iamandei, S., Iamandei, E., 2005. Fossil Salicaceae from the Badenian Petrified Forest from Pravaleni-Ociu, South Apuseni Mts. Revue Roumaine de Géologie 48–49, 111–119, Bucureşti.
49.
Iamandei, S., Iamandei, E., 2008. New trees within the mid-Miocene petrified forest from Zarand, Apuseni Mts. Romania. Revue Roumaine de Géologie 50–52, 69–86, Bucureşti.
50.
Iamandei, S., Iamandei, E., 2017. New trees identified in the petrified forest of middle Miocene from Zarand, Apuseni Mountains, Romania. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 13(2), 37–90.
51.
Iamandei, S., Iamandei, E., Tibuleac, P., 2005. New fossil wood from the late Badenian forest of Pravaleni, Metalliferous Mts (2nd part). Analele Ştiinţifice Ale Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi, Geologie. Tomul LI, 111–120.
52.
IAWA Committee. 1989. IAWA List of microscopic features for hardwood identification by an IAWA Committee. E.A. Wheeler, Baas, P., Gasson, P.E. (eds). IAWA Journal 10, 219–332.
54.
Jeong, E.K., Kim, K., Suzuki, M., Kim, J.W., 2009. Fossil woods from the Lower Coal-bearing formation of the Janggi Group (Early Miocene) in the Pohang Basin, Korea. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 153, 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
55.
Kasaplıgil, B., 1977. A late Tertiary conifer–hardwood forest from the vicinity of Güvem village, near Kızılcahaman, Ankara. Journal of MTA 88, 94–102 [In Turkish].
56.
Kayseri-Özer, M.S., 2017. Cenozoic vegetation and climate change in Anatolia – A study based on the IPR-vegetation analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 467, 37–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
57.
Keller, J., Jung, D., Eckhardt, F.J., Kreuzer, H., 1992. Radiometric ages and chemical characterization of the Galatean Andesite Massif, Pontus, Turkey. Acta Vulcanologica 2, 267–276.
58.
Klusek, M., 2012. Silicified angiosperm wood from the Middle Miocene of Poland: Ulmoxylon in the Neogene cover of the Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland. Acta Palaeobotanica 52(2), 359–367.
59.
Koutecký, V., Sakala, J., 2015. New fossil woods from the Paleogene of Doupovské hory and České středohoří Mts. (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B – Historia Naturalis 71(3–4), 377–398.
60.
Koutecky, V., Teodoris, V., Cap, P., Mantzouka, D., Sakala, J., 2019. Fossil wood from the Doupovské hory and Ceske stredohori volcanic complexes: latest overview and new angiosperms from the locality Dvérce. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abh. 293/3, 283–306. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/....
61.
Kramer, K., 1974. Die Tertiären Hölzer Südost-Asiens (Unter Ausschluss Der Dipterocarpaceae). 1. Teil. Palaeontographica Abt. B, 144, 45–181.
62.
Leisman, G.A., 1986. Cryptocaryoxylon gippslandicum gen. et sp. nov., from the Tertiary of eastern Victoria. Alcheringa 10, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/031155....
63.
Mädel-Angeliewa, E., 1968. Eichen- und Pappelholz aus der pliozänen Kohle im Gebiet von Baccinello (Toskana, Italien). Geologisches Jahrbuch 86, 433–470.
64.
Mantzouka, D., 2018. The first report of Cryptocaryoxylon from the Neogene (Early Miocene) of Eurasia (eastern Mediterranean: Lesbos and Lemnos Islands, Greece). Fossil Imprint 74(1–2), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.2478/if-201....
65.
Mantzouka, D., Karakitsios, V., Sakala, J., Wheeler, E.A., 2016. Using idioblasts to group Laurinoxylon species: Case study from the Oligo-Miocene of Europe. IAWA Journal 37(3), 459–488. https://doi.org/10.1163/229419....
66.
Müller-Stoll, W.R., 1954. Erlen- und Eschenholz aus dem Oberpliozän von Willershausen (Harz). Geologie: Zeitschrift für das Gesamtgebiet der Geologie und Mineralogie sowie der angewandten Geophysik 3, 502–525.
67.
Müller-Stoll, W.R., Mädel, E., 1957. Über tertiäre Eichenhölzer aus dem pannonischen Becken. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 38, 121–168.
68.
Müller-Stoll, W.R., Mädel, E., 1959. Betulaceen-Hölzer aus dem Tertiär des pannonischen Beckens. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 40, 159–209.
69.
Oskolski, A.A., Kodrul, T.M., Jin, J., 2012. Altingioxylon hainanensis sp. nov.: earliest fossil wood record of the family Altingiaceae in Eastern Asia and its implications for historical biogeography. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298(3), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606....
70.
Page, V.M., 1970. Angiosperm wood from the Upper Cretaceous of central California. III. American Journal of Botany 57, 1139–1144. https://doi.org/10.2307/244127....
71.
Petrescu, I., 1969. Quercoxylon justiniani n. sp. dans l’Oligocène de Ticy (n.o. de la Roumanie). Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 2, 46–50.
72.
Petrescu, I., 1971. Zelkovoxylon dacicum n. sp. in Oligocenul din Nord Vestul, Transilvaniei. Contributii Botanice Universitatea Babes-Bolyai, pp. 121–130.
73.
Petrescu, J., 1978. Etudes sur les flores paléogènes du nord-ouest de la Transsylvanie et de la Moldavie Central. pp. 184., 39 Abb., 74 Taf.; Bucarest (Univ. Cluj-Napoca).
74.
Platen, P., 1908. Untersuchungen fossiler Holzer aus dem Westen der vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika. Sitzungsberichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig 34, 1–155, 161–164.
75.
Prakash, U., 1968. Miocene fossil woods from the Columbia basalts of Central Washington, III. Palaeontographica Abt. B 122, 183–200.
76.
Prakash, U., Barghoorn, E.S., 1961. Miocene fossil woods from the Columbia basalts of Central Washington. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 42, 165–203. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.pa....
77.
Prakash, U., Barghoorn, E.S., 1961. Miocene fossil woods from the Columbia basalts of Central Washington, II. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 42, 347–362.
78.
Privé, C., 1975. Etude de quelques bois de chênes Tertiaires du Massif Central, France. Palaeontographica B 153, 119–140.
79.
Privé-Gill, C., Watelet, P., 1980. La brèche ponceuse du domaine d’Aubart (Commune du Claux, Cantal). Volcanostratigraphie et étude des bois fossiles. 105e Congres Natıonal Des Socıétés Savantes Caen 1, 131–151.
80.
Privé-Gill, C., Cao, N., Legrand, P., 2008. Fossil wood from alluvial deposits (reworked Oligocene) of Limagne at Bussieres (Puy-de-Dome, France). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 149, 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
81.
Reinders-Gouwentak, C.A., 1948. Key to Lauraceous woods from Java. H. Veenman & Zonen-Wagenningen-1.
82.
Richter, H.G., 1981. Anatomie des sekundären Xylems und der Rinde der Lauraceae. Sonderbände des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, No. 5, 148 pp.
83.
Rohwer, J.G., Moraes, P.L.R. de, Rudolph, B., Werff, H. van der, 2014. A phylogenetic analysis of the Cryptocarya group (Lauraceae) and relationships of Dahlgrenodendron, Sinopora, Triadodaphne, and Yasunia. Phytotaxa 158(2), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.11646/phyto....
84.
Sarı, R., Türkecan, A., Dönmez, M., Küçükefe, Ş., Aydın, Ü., Özmen, Ö., 2015. The geology of Gökçeada (Çanakkale). Journal of MTA 150, 1–17.
85.
Schweingruber, F.H., 1990. Anatomy of European Woods. Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern and Stuttgart.
86.
Selmeier, A., 2000. A silicified Pistacia wood, Anacardiaceae, from the Upper Miocene of southern Franconian Alb, Germany. Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Histor. Geologie 40, 201–212.
87.
Selmeier, A., 2002. Silicified Tertiary woods from Iceland (Larix) and the northalpine Molasse basin (Liquidambar). Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Histor. Geologie 42, 139–153.
88.
Süss, H., 1958. Anatomische Untersuchungen uber die Lorbeerhölzer aus dem Tertiärendes Hasenberges bei Wiesa in Sachsen. Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Jahrb. 1956, 8, 6–59.
89.
Süss, H., 1986. Untersuchungen über fossile Buchenhölzer. Beiträge zu einer Monographie der Gattung Fagoxylon Stopes & Fujii. Feddes Repertorium 97(3–4), 171–173.
90.
Süss, H., 2005. Zwei neue fossile Hölzer der Morphogattung Ornoxylon Felix emen. Süss aus tertiären Schichten von Frankreich und Ungarn. Feddes Repertorium 116, 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.2....
91.
Süss, H., Müller-Stoll, W.R., 1977. Untersuchunge uber fossile Platanholzer. Beiträge zu einer Monographie der Gattung Platanoxylon Andreanszky. Feddes Repertorium 88 (1–2), 1–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.1....
92.
Süss, H., Müller-Stoll, W.R., 1984. Fagoxylon francofurtense (Madler) comb. nov. aus der pliozanen Klarbeckenflora von Frankfurt am Main. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 12, 641–647.
93.
Suzuki, M., 1982. Some fossil woods from the Palaeogene of Northern Kyushu, II. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 95, 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0248....
94.
Suzuki, M., Hiraya, C., 1989. Fossil wood flora from the pumice tuff of Yanagida Formation (Lower Miocene) at Mawaki, Noto Peninsula. Annals of Science of Kanazawa University 26, 47–75.
95.
Suzuki, M., Watari, S., 1994. Fossil wood flora of the early Miocene Nawamata Formation of Monzen, Noto Peninsula, central Japan. Journal of Plant Research 107, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0234....
96.
Şen, P., Sarı, R., Şen, E., Dönmez, C., Özkümüş, S., Küçükefe, Ş., 2020. Geochemical features and petrogenesis of Gökçeada volcanism, Çanakkale, NW Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral research and exploration 161, 81–99. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulle....
97.
Takahashi, A., Suzuki, M., 1988. Two new fossil woods of Acer and a new combination of Prunus from the Tertiary of Japan. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 101, 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf0248....
98.
Tankut, A., Wilson, M., Yihunie, T. 1998. Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Tertiary volcanism in the Güvem area, Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85, 285–301.
99.
Terada, K., Nishida, H., Asakawa, T.O., Rancusi Herrera, M., 2006. Fossil wood assemblage from Cerro Dorotea, Ultima Esperanza, Magallanes (XII) Region, Chile. In: Nishida, H. (ed.) Post-Cretaceous Floristic Changes in Southern Patagonia, Chile. Report of the Overseas Scientific Survey “Studies on floristic changes in southern South America since the Cretaceous”. pp. 67–89 (Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University) Japan.
100.
Toprak, V., Savasçın, Y., Güleç, N., Tankut, A., 1996. Structure of the Galatia volcanic province. International Geology Review 38, 747–758.
101.
Van der Burgh, J., 1964. Hölzer der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation. 1. Hölzer der Braunkohlengrube „Anna“ zu Haanrade (Niederrheinish Limburg). Acta Botanica Neerlandica 13, 250–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438....
102.
Van der Burgh, J., 1973. Hölzer der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation, 2. Holzer der Braukohlengruben “Maria Theresia” zu Herzogenrath, “Zukunft West” zu eschweiler und “Victor” (Aulpich Mitte) zu Zulpich, nebst einer systematisch-anatomischen bearbeitung der gattung Pinus L. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 15, 73–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6....
103.
Velitzelos, D., Bouchal, J.M., Denk, T., 2014. Review of the Cenozic floras and vegetation of Greece. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 204, 56–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
104.
Wallander, E., 2008. Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy. Plant Systematics and Evalution 273, 25–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606....
105.
Watari, S., 1952. Dicotyledonous woods from the Miocene along the Japan-Sea of Honsyu. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Section III, Botany 6, 97–134.
106.
Webber, I.E., 1933. Woods from the Ricardo Pliocene of Last Chance Gulch, California. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publisher 412, 113–134.
107.
Wheeler, E.A., 2001. Fossil dicotyledonous woods from Florissant fossil beds National Monument, Colorado. Fossil flora and stratigraphy of the Florissant Formation, Colorado. Proc. Denver Mus. Nature & Science. G.-W. K, E. Evanoff and K.R. Johnson. Denver, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 187–204.
108.
Wheeler, E.A., 2011. InsideWood – a web resource for hardwood anatomy. IAWA Journal 32(2), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1163/229419....
109.
Wheeler, E.A., Dillhoff, T.A., 2009. The Middle Miocene Wood Flora of Vantage, Washington, USA. IAWA Journal, Supplement 7, 101 pp.
110.
Wheeler, E.A., Landon, J., 1992. Late Eocene (Chadronian) dicotyledonous woods from Nebraska: evolutionary and ecological significance. Review Palaeobotany and Palynology 74, 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6....
111.
Wheeler, E.A., Manchester, S.R., 2002. Woods of the Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA. In: Gasson P. (ed.), IAWA Journal, Supplement 3, Annals of Botany 92(3), 472–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mc....
112.
Wheeler, E.A., Manchester, S.R., 2007. Review of the wood anatomy of extant Ulmaceae as context for new reports of Late Eocene Ulmus woods. Bulletin of Geosciences 82(4), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.g....
113.
Wheeler, E.F., Matten, L.C., 1977. Fossil wood from an Upper Miocene locality in northeastern Colorado. Botanical Gazette 138, 112–118.
114.
Wheeler, E.F., Scott, R.A., Barghoorn, E.S., 1977. Fossil dicotyledonous woods from Yellowstone National Park. I. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum (Harvard) 58, 280–306.
115.
Wheeler, E.F., Scott, R.A., Barghoorn, E.S., 1978. Fossil dicotyledonous woods from Yellowstone National Park. II. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum (Harvard) 59, 1–26.
116.
Wilson, M., Tankut, A., Guleç, N., 1997. Tertiary volcanism of the Galatia Province, NW Central Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos 42, 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-....
117.
Yaltırık, F., 1971. Studies on morphological and anatomical characteristics of native maple (Acer L.) species in Turkey. Istanbul University Faculty of Forestry Publication, No: 179 [in Turkish with English summary].
118.
Yavuz Işık, N., 2007. Pollen analysis of coal-bearing Miocene sedimentary rocks from the Seyitömer Basin (Kütahya), Western Anatolia. Geobios 40(5), 701–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geob....
119.
Yavuz Işık, N., 2008. Vegetational and climatic investigations in the Early Miocene lacustrine deposits of the Güvem Basin (Galatian Volcanic Province), NW Central Anatolia, Turkey. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 150, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
120.
Yılmaz, H., 2014. Pistacia L. In: Akkemik, Ü. (Ed.) Trees and Scrubs of Turkey. Publication of General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara pp. 270–277 [In Turkish].
CITATIONS (6):
1.
Catalogue of revised and new plant macrofossils from the Aquitanian-Burdigalian of Soma (W Turkey) – Biogeographic and palaeoclimatic implications
Thomas Denk, H. Güner, Johannes Bouchal
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
Thomas Denk, H. Güner, Johannes Bouchal
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2.
LATE-MIOCENE MOLDAVIAN PETRIFIED FOREST
Stănilă Iamandei, Eugenia Iamandei, Laurențiu Ursachi
Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae
Stănilă Iamandei, Eugenia Iamandei, Laurențiu Ursachi
Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae
3.
Miocene Cupressinoxylon from Gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey with Protophytobia cambium mining and the study of ecological signals of wood anatomy
Dimitra Mantzouka, Ünal Akkemik, Yıldırım Güngör
PeerJ
Dimitra Mantzouka, Ünal Akkemik, Yıldırım Güngör
PeerJ
4.
A new contribution to the middle Miocene woody flora of Gökçeada (Turkey)
Ünal AKKEMİK, Yıldırım GÜNGÖR, Hakan ÇELİK
Eurasian Journal of Forest Science
Ünal AKKEMİK, Yıldırım GÜNGÖR, Hakan ÇELİK
Eurasian Journal of Forest Science
5.
A Mediterranean woody species composition from Late Miocene-Early Pliocene deposits of northeastern Turkey with newly described fossil-taxa palaeoclimatically evaluated
Ünal Akkemik, Özlem Toprak, Dimitra Mantzouka, Hakan Çelik
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
Ünal Akkemik, Özlem Toprak, Dimitra Mantzouka, Hakan Çelik
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
6.
Cryptocarya chinensis from the Upper Pleistocene of South China and its biogeographic and paleoecological implications
Lu-Liang Huang, Shu-Feng Li, Wei-Ye Huang, Jian-Hua Jin, Alexei Oskolski
iScience
Lu-Liang Huang, Shu-Feng Li, Wei-Ye Huang, Jian-Hua Jin, Alexei Oskolski
iScience
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2082-0259 |
| ISSN: | 0001-6594 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
