ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Two-seeded cones of probable gnetalean affinity from the Morrison Formation
(Late Jurassic) of Utah and Colorado, USA
Peter R. Crane
4,5
1
Florida Museum of Natural History, Dickinson Hall, 1659 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA
2
State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
3
Department of Paleobiology, NHB 121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington D.C., USA
4
Oak Spring Garden Foundation, 1776 Loughborough Lane, Upperville, VA 20184, USA
5
Yale School of the Environment, 195 Prospect Street, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-2387, USA
Online publication date: 2022-07-26
Publication date: 2022-07-26
Acta Palaeobotanica 2022; 62(2): 77-92
HIGHLIGHTS
- Micro-CT scanning provides excellent surface details as well as some internal details of calcified cone remains.
- Bassitheca is a new genus of gymnosperm cone with two seeds enveloped by decussately organized bracts.
- The cones exhibit an unusual mode of dehiscence with a pair of lateral valves falling away from the central septum to release the two seeds.
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Three dimensional calcitic casts of a two-seeded compound cone are described from the Upper
Jurassic Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation based on specimens from Colorado and Utah. Cones
of Bassitheca hoodiorum gen. et sp. nov. are broadly obovate in face view, ~3.5 mm high, ~2.6 mm wide, and
viewed from above have two planes of symmetry. Micro-CT scanning of numerous specimens shows that each
cone has two well-developed orthotropous seeds positioned opposite each other in the major plane and separated
by a median longitudinal septum in the minor plane. At a higher level in the cone, a median apical septum in
the major plane separates two depressions arranged opposite each other. The two well-developed seeds in the
major plane are enclosed by bracts, but numerous incomplete cones, together with cones showing lines of dehiscence,
indicate that each seed was shed by the abscission of a lateral valve. One specimen indicates that three
vascular bundles entered the base of each well-developed seed and these are interpreted as the vascular supply
to the envelope of a chlamydospermous ovule. The opposite and decussate arrangement of bracts at the base of
the cone, the paired arrangement of the two well-developed seeds perpendicular to the two apical depressions,
combined with the inferred seed envelope that was apparently shed with the seed, indicates a probable relationship
to Gnetales and specifically to extant Ephedra. Along with Dayvaultia tetragona Manchester et Crane, also
known from the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Bassitheca hoodiorum provides further evidence
that the Gnetales were more significant in the Morrison vegetation than has been recognized previously.
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