ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Fossil Celastraceae leaves from the Early Miocene Foulden Maar Lagerstätte, New Zealand: expanding the fossil record and biogeographic history of the family
1
Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5092, Australia
2
Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
3
Department of Geology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
Publication date: 2024-12-31
Acta Palaeobotanica 2024; 64(2): 335-350
HIGHLIGHTS
- Fossil Celastraceae are reported for the first time from the Miocene of New Zealand
- Leaves of a new fossil genus are described from Foulden Maar
- The fossil shows affinities to some modern Australian and New Caledonian taxa
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
A new extinct fossil genus and species of Celastraceae is described, based on numerous well-preserved
leaves from the Early Miocene Foulden Maar Lagerstätte, southern New Zealand. The leaves of Palaeochrysa
celastroides gen. et sp. nov. are most similar in morphology and anatomy to those of several extant taxa from the
proximal Austral-Pacific clade of the family, such as Denhamia, Maytenus and Salaciopsis. This study of leaves
with excellent cuticular preservation extends the fossil record of Celastraceae to the Early Miocene of New Zealand,
further expanding the past range and biogeography of this largely cosmopolitan plant family.
FUNDING
Funds towards this study were provided
by a Marsden Grant from the Royal Society of
New Zealand (11-UOO-043).
REFERENCES (89)
1.
Archer, R.H., Van Wyk, A.E., 1992. Palynology and intergeneric relationships in some southern African species of subfamily Cassinoideae (Celastraceae). Grana 31(4), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/001731....
2.
Bacon, C.D., Simmons, M.P., Archer, R.H., Zhao, L.-C., Andriantiana, J., 2016. Biogeography of the Malagasy Celastraceae: multiple independent origins followed by widespread dispersal of genera from Madagascar. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94, 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympe....
3.
Bannister, J.M., Lee, D.E., Raine, J.I., 2005. Morphology and palaeoenvironmental context of Fouldenia staminosa, a fossil flower with associated pollen from the Early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 43(2), 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/002882....
4.
Bannister, J.M., Lee, D.E., Conran, J.G., 2012. Lauraceae from rainforest surrounding an Early Miocene maar lake, Otago, southern New Zealand. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 178(1), 13–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
5.
Baranova, M., 1983. On the laterocytic stomatotype in angiosperms. Brittonia 35(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.2307/280605....
6.
Baranova, M., 1992. Principles of comparative stomatographic studies of flowering plants. Botanical Review 58(1), 49–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0285....
7.
Barreda, V.D., Caccavari, M., 1992. Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) occurrences in the Early Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 94(1–4), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0....
8.
Bell, W.A., 1949. Uppermost Cretaceous and Paleocene floras of Western Alberta. Bulletin of the Canada Department of Mines and Resources Geological Survey 13, 1–231.
9.
Bell, W.A., 1957. Flora of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 293, 1–84.
10.
Biral, L., Simmons, M.P., Smidt, E.C., Tembrock, L.R., Bolson, M., Archer, R.H., Lombardi, J.A., 2017. Systematics of New World Maytenus (Celastraceae) and a new delimitation of the genus. Systematic Botany 42(4), 680–693. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364....
11.
Biral, L., Lombardi, J.A., 2020. Lianas and climbing plants of the Neotropics. Celastraceae. Available from: https://naturalhistory.si.edu/.... Accessed 5 Dec 2023.
12.
Carlquist, S., 1980. Anatomy and systematics of Balanopaceae. Allertonia 2(3), 191–246.
13.
Carr, D.J., Carr, S.G.M., 1990. Staurocytic stomatal complexes in species of Monocalyptus sensu Carr and Carr (Eucalyptus: Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 38(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9900....
14.
Chin, S.-W., Lutz, S., Wen, J., Potter, D., 2013. The bitter and the sweet: inference of homology and evolution of leaf glands in Prunus (Rosaceae) through anatomy, micromorphology, and ancestral character state reconstruction. International Journal of Plant Sciences 174(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1086/668219.
15.
Conran, J.G., Lee, W.G., Lee, D.E., Bannister, J.M., Kaulfuss, U., 2014. Reproductive niche conservatism in the isolated New Zealand flora over 23 million years. Biology Letters 10(10), 20140647. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2....
16.
Conran, J.G., Bannister, J.M., Mildenhall, D.C., Lee, D.E., 2016. Hedycarya (Monimiaceae) macrofossils and associated Planarpollenites pollen from the Early Miocene of New Zealand. American Journal of Botany 103(5), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.16....
17.
Conran, J.G., Kaulfuss, U., Bannister, J.M., Mildenhall, D.C., Lee, D.E., 2019. An Akania (Akaniaceae) inflorescence with associated pollen from the Early Miocene of New Zealand. American Journal of Botany 106(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1....
18.
Copenhaver, G.P., 2005. A compendium of plant species producing pollen tetrads. Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Sciences 121(1), 17–35.
19.
CSIRO, 2020. Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8: Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Herbs, Grasses, Sedges, Palms, Pandans & Epiphytes. Available from: https://apps.lucidcentral.org/.... Accessed 3 Nov 2020.
20.
de Lange, P.J., Rolfe, J.R., 2010. New Zealand indigenous vascular plant checklist. New Zealand Plant Conserva-tion Network, Wellington, NZ.
21.
de Saporta, G., 1865. Études sur la végétation du sud-est de la France à l’époque tertiaire. Deuxième partie. III. Flore d’Armissan et de Peyriac, dans le bassin de Narbonne (Aude). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (Paris) séries 5, 4, 5–264.
22.
Den Hartog, R.M., Baas, P., 1978. Epidermal characteristics of Celastraceae. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 27(5–6), 355–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438....
23.
Dressler, S., 2004. Marcgraviaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants. Volume 6. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
24.
Dressler, S., 2017. Lianas and climbing plants of the Neotropics. Marcgraviaceae. Available from: https://naturalhistory.si.edu/.... Accessed 2 Dec 2023.
25.
Dressler, S., 2020. Marcgraviaceae in Flora do Brasil 2020. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov..... Accessed 2 Dec 2023.
26.
Ellis, B., Douglas, C.D., Hickey, L.J., Mitchell, J.D., Johnson, K.R., Wilf, P., Wing, S.L., 2009. Manual of Leaf Architecture. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Ithaca, NY.
27.
Fox, B.R.S., Wartho, J., Wilson, G.S., Lee, D.E., Nelson, F.E., Kaulfuss, U., 2015. Long-term evolution of an Oligo-cene/Miocene maar lake from Otago, New Zealand. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 16(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC....
28.
Fryns-Claessens, E., Van Cotthem, W., 1965. Stomatastructuur bij de Marcgraviaceae. Biologisch Jaarboek uitgegeven door het Koninklijk Natuurwetenschappelijk Genootschap ‘Dodonaea’ te Gent 33, 357–364.
29.
Fryns-Claessens, E., Van Cotthem, W., 1973. A new classification of the ontogenetic types of stomata. Botanical Review 39(1), 71–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0286....
30.
Golovneva, L.B., Sun, G., Bugdaeva, E.V., 2008. Campanian flora of the Bureya River basin (Late Cretaceous of the Amur Region). Paleontological Journal 42(5), 554–567. https://doi.org/10.1134/S00310....
31.
Gomes, S., Lombardi, J., 2010. Leaf anatomy as a contribution to the taxonomy of Salacioideae N.Hallé ex Thorne & Reveal (Celastraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 289(1), 13–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606....
32.
Guillaumin, A., 1925. Recherches sur l’anatomie et la classification des Balanopsidacées. Revue Générale de Botanique 37, 433–449.
33.
Halford, J.J., Jessup, L.W., 2020. Denhamia megacarpa J.J.Halford & Jessup and D. peninsularis J.J.Halford & Jessup (Celastraceae), two new species from Queensland. Austrobaileya 10(4), 594–603.
34.
Harper, M.A., Van de Vijver, B., Kaulfuss, U., Lee, D.E., 2019. Resolving the confusion between two fossil freshwater diatoms from Otago, New Zealand: Encyonema jordanii and Encyonema jordaniforme (Cymbellaceae, Bacillariophyta). Phytotaxa 394(4), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.11646/phyto....
35.
Hernández-Damián, A.L., Gómez-Acevedo, S.L., Cevallos-Ferriz, S.R.S., 2018. Fossil flower of Salacia lombardii sp. nov. (Salacioideae-Celastraceae) preserved in amber from Simojovel de Allende, Mexico. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 252, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
36.
Hernández-Damián, A.L., Gómez-Acevedo, S.L., Cevallos-Ferriz, S.R.S., 2021. Fossil record of Celastraceae: evaluation and potential use in molecular calibrations. Botanical Sciences 99(3), 628–642. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsc....
37.
Hickey, L.J., Wolfe, J.A., 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: vegetative morphology. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 62(3), 538–589. https://doi.org/10.2307/239526....
38.
Hickey, L.J., Hu, S., 2015. The National cleared leaf collection – Hickey. Available from: http://peabody.research.yale.e.... Accessed 26 Jun 2015.
39.
Islam, M.B., Simmons, M.P., Archer, R.H., 2006. Phylogeny of the Elaeodendron group (Celastraceae) inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes. Systematic Botany 31(3), 512–524. https://doi.org/10.1043/05-68.....
40.
Jessup, L.W., 1984. Celastraceae. In: George, A.S. (ed.) Flora of Australia, volume 22: Rhizophorales to Celastrales. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, ACT, pp. 150–180.
41.
Joffily, A., Cardoso Vieira, R., 2010. Cork-warts on the leaf epidermis of four genera of Celastroidea-Celastraceae [sic]. Flora 205(5), 313–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flor....
42.
Jonsson, C.H.W., Hebda, R.J., 2015. Macroflora, paleogeography, and paleoecology of the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian?–Santonian) Saanich Member of the Comox Formation, Saanich Peninsula, British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52(7), 519–536. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2....
43.
Kaulfuss, U., Harris, A.C., Conran, J.G., Lee, D.E., 2014a. An Early Miocene ant (subfam. Ambyloponinae) from Foulden Maar: the first fossil Hymenoptera from New Zealand. Alcheringa 38(4), 568–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/031155....
44.
Kaulfuss, U., Lee, D.E., Barratt, B.I.P., Leschen, R.A.B., Larivière, M.-C., Dlussky, G.M., Henderson, I.M., Harris, A.C., 2014b. A diverse fossil terrestrial arthropod fauna from New Zealand: evidence from the Early Miocene Foulden Maar fossil Lagerstätte. Lethaia 48(3), 299–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/let.12....
45.
Kaulfuss, U., 2017. Crater stratigraphy and the post-eruptive evolution of Foulden Maar, southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 60(4), 410–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/002883....
46.
Knobloch, E., Mai, D.H., 1984. Neue Gattungen nach Früchten und Samen aus dem Cenoman bis Maastricht (Kreide) von Mitteleuropa. Feddes Repertorium 95(1–2), 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.4....
47.
Knowlton, F.H., 1919. A catalogue of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plants of North America. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 696, 1–815.
48.
Kubitzki, K., 2014. Balanopaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants, edited by K. Kubitzki. Volume 11. Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Malpighiales. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 9–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
49.
Lee, D.E., Lee, W.G., Mortimer, N., 2001. Where and why have all the flowers gone? Depletion and turnover in the New Zealand Cenozoic angiosperm flora in relation to palaeogeography and climate. Australian Journal of Botany 49(3), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT0003....
50.
Lee, D.E., McDowall, R.M., Lindqvist, J.K., 2007. Galaxias fossils from Miocene lake deposits, Otago, New Zealand: the earliest records of the Southern Hemisphere family Galaxiidae (Teleostei). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 37(3), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/030142....
51.
Lee, D.E., Kaulfuss, U., Conran, J.G., Bannister, J.M., Lindqvist, J.K., 2016a. Biodiversity and palaeoecology of Foulden Maar: an Early Miocene Konservat-Lagerstätte deposit in southern New Zealand. Alcheringa 40(4), 525–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/031155....
52.
Lee, D.E., Lee, W.G., Jordan, G.J., Barreda, V.D., 2016b. The Cenozoic history of New Zealand temperate rainfor-ests: comparisons with southern Australia and South America. New Zealand Journal of Botany 54(2), 100–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/002882....
53.
Lee, D.E., Kaulfuss, U., Conran, J.G., 2022. Fossil treasures of Foulden Maar: a window into Miocene Zealandia. Otago University Press, Dunedin, NZ.
54.
Lee, W.G., Lee, D.E., 2015. New Zealand – a land apart. In: Stow, A., Maclean, N., Holwell, G.I. (eds), Austral Ark: the State of Wildlife in Australia and New Zealand. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO978....
55.
Lesquereux, L., 1883. Contributions to the fossil flora of the western territories. Part. 3. The Cretaceous and Ter-tiary floras. Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 8, 1–283.
56.
Lesquereux, L., 1891. The flora of the Dakota group: a posthumous work (edited by F.H. Knowlton). United States Geological Survey, Monographs 17, 1–400.
57.
Liang, X.-Q., Ferguson, D.K., Jacques, F.M.B., Su, T., Wang, L., Zhou, Z.-K., 2016. A new Celastrus species from the middle Miocene of Yunnan, China and its palaeoclimatic and palaeobiogeographic implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 225, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
58.
Lindqvist, J.K., Lee, D.E., 2009. High-frequency paleoclimate signals from Foulden Maar, Waipiata Volcanic Field, southern New Zealand: an Early Miocene varved lacustrine diatomite deposit. Sedimentary Geology 222(1), 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedg....
59.
Lobreau-Callen, D., 1977. Les pollens des Celastrales (illustrations, commentaires). Mémoires et Travaux de l’Institut de Montpellier de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études, 3, 1–116.
60.
Macphail, M.K., 1980. Fossil and modern Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) pollen in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 18(4), 453–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/002882....
61.
McKenna, M.J., Simmons, M.P., Bacon, C.D., Lombardi, J.A., 2011. Delimitation of the segregate genera of Maytenus s. l. (Celastraceae) based on morphological and molecular characters. Systematic Botany 36(4), 922–932. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364....
62.
Mercadante-Simões, M.O., Paiva, E.A.S., 2013. Leaf colleters in Tontelea micrantha (Celastraceae, Salacioideae): ecological, morphological and structural aspects. Comptes Rendus Biologies 336(8), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi....
63.
Mildenhall, D.C., Raine, J.I., 2012. Plant microfossils – pollen and spores. In: Gordon, D.P. (ed.), New Zealand inventory of biodiversity, volume 3: Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, NZ, pp. 476–498.
64.
Mildenhall, D.C., Kennedy, E.M., Lee, D.E., Kaulfuss, U., Bannister, J.M., Fox, B., Conran, J.G., 2014. Palynology of the Early Miocene Foulden Maar, Otago, New Zealand: diversity following destruction. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 204(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revp....
65.
Müller, I.H., Barlow, B.A., Tirel, C., Jérémie, J., 1996. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances. Celastraceae, Loranthaceae, Viscaceae, Alseuosmiaceae, Paracryphiaceae, Tiliaceae, Volume 20. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
66.
Muller, J., 1981. Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms. Botanical Review 47, 1–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0286....
67.
Pant, D.D., Kidwai, P.F., 1966. Epidermal structure and stomatal ontogeny in some Celastraceae. New Phytologist 65(3), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469....
68.
Pérez-Latorre, A.V., Gavira, O., Cabezudo, B., 2010. Phenomorphology and ecomorphological characters of Maytenus senegalensis L. Shrublands in the Iberian Peninsula: a comparison with other Mediterranean plant communities. Flora 205(3), 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flor....
69.
Pole, M., 1994. The New Zealand flora – entirely long-distance dispersal? Journal of Biogeography 21(6), 625–635. https://doi.org/10.2307/284603....
70.
Pole, M., 1996. Plant macrofossils from the Foulden Hills Diatomite (Miocene), Central Otago, New Zealand. Jour-nal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 26(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/030142....
71.
Pole, M., 2010. Was New Zealand a primary source for the New Caledonian flora? Alcheringa 34(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/031155....
72.
Pole, M., 2014. The Miocene climate in New Zealand: estimates from paleobotanical data. Palaeontologia Electronica 17(2), Article 17.12.27A. https://doi.org/10.26879/436.
73.
Prebble, J.G., Kennedy, E.M., Reichgelt, T., Clowes, C., Womack, T., Mildenhall, D.C., Raine, J.I., Crouch, E.M., 2021. A 100 million year composite pollen record from New Zealand shows maximum angiosperm abundance delayed until Eocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 566, 110207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
74.
Raine, J.I., Mildenhall, D.C., Kennedy, E.M., 2011. New Zealand fossil spores and pollen: an illustrated catalogue, 4th edition (GNS Science Miscellaneous Series No. 4). Available from: http://pal.gns.cri.nz/catalog. Accessed 10 Dec 2018.
75.
Reichgelt, T., Kennedy, E.M., Mildenhall, D.C., Conran, J.G., Greenwood, D.R., Lee, D.E., 2013. Quantitative palaeoclimate estimates for Early Miocene southern New Zealand: evidence from Foulden Maar. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 378(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pala....
76.
Simmons, M.P., 2004. Celastraceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants. Volume 6. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 29–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
77.
Simmons, M.P., Cappa, J.J., Archer, R.H., Ford, A.J., Eichstedt, D., Clevinger, C.C., 2008. Phylogeny of the Celastreae (Celastraceae) and the relationships of Catha edulis (qat) inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48(2), 745–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympe....
78.
Simmons, M.P., Clevinger, C.C., Savolainen, V., Archer, R.H., Mathews, S., Doyle, J.J., 2001. Phylogeny of the Celastraceae inferred from phytochrome B gene sequence and morphology. American Journal of Botany 88(2), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.2307/265702....
79.
Simmons, M.P., Bacon, C.D., Cappa, J.J., McKenna, M.J., 2012. Phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamilies Cassinoideae and Tripterygioideae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid loci. Systematic Botany 37(2), 456–467. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364....
80.
Stace, C.A., 1965. Cuticular studies as an aid to plant taxonomy. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany 4, 3–78.
81.
Upchurch, G.R., Jr., Dilcher, D.L., 1990. Cenomanian angiosperm leaf megafossils, Dakota Formation, Rose Creek locality, Jefferson County, southeastern Nebraska. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1915, 1–55.
82.
Van Cotthem, W.R.J., 1970. A classification of stomatal types. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 63(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095....
83.
von Ettingshausen, C.B., 1857. Über die Nervation der Blatter bei den Celastrineen. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 13, 43–83.
84.
von Ettingshausen, C.B., 1883. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Tertiärflora Australiens. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 47(1), 101–148.
85.
von Ettingshausen, C.B., 1887. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Tertiärflora Australiens, Zweite Folge. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 53(1), 81–142.
86.
von Ettingshausen, C.B., 1888. Contributions to the Tertiary flora of Australia. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of New South Wales. Palaeontology 2, 1–189.
87.
Wilf, P., Wing, S.L., Meyer, H.W., Rose, J.A., Saha, R., Serre, T., Cúneo, N.R., Donovan, M., Erwin, D.M., Gandolfo, M.A., Gonzalez-Akre, E.B., Herrera, F., Hu, S., Iglesias, A., Johnson, K.R., Karim, T.S., Zou, X., 2021. Image collection and supporting data for: an image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning (Version 1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.25452/Figsh.... Accessed 14 Feb 2022.
88.
Wilkinson, H.P., 1979. The plant surface (mainly leaf). In: Metcalfe, C.R., Chalk, L. (eds), Anatomy of the dicotyledons, 2nd edition, volume 1. Systematic anatomy of leaf and stem, with a brief history of the subject. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 97–165.
89.
Zhu, Y.-X., Lei, F.-W., Tong, L., Mu, X.-Y., Wen, J., Zhang, Z.-X., 2020. Animal-mediated long-distance dispersals and migrations shaping the intercontinental disjunctions of Celastrus (Celastraceae) among five continents. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 58(6), 945–957. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12....
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2082-0259 |
| ISSN: | 0001-6594 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
