The early Miocene flora of Güvem
(Central Anatolia, Turkey): a window into
early Neogene vegetation and environments
in the Eastern Mediterranean
| 1 | Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden |
| 2 | Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey |
| 3 | Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic |
| 4 | Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria |
Online publication date: 2017-12-19
Publication date: 2017-12-19
Acta Palaeobotanica 2017; 57(2): 237–338
ABSTRACT
The early Burdigalian (MN3) plant assemblage of the Güvem area (northwestern Central Anatolia)
is preserved in lacustrine sediments of the Dereköy pyroclastics. Its age is well constrained by radiometric dates
of basaltic rocks bracketing the pyroclastics, making the Güvem flora one of the extremely few precisely dated
early Miocene floras in the Mediterranean region. The rich assemblage of impression fossils comprises ferns and
fern allies (2 species), gymnosperms (12 spp.) and angiosperms (129 spp.). Ilex miodipyrena sp. nov. is described
as a new fossil-species. The most diverse families in the assemblage are the Fagaceae with 12 taxa and the
Fabaceae with 12 leaf morphotypes and one fruit taxon. Aquatic plants are represented by seven taxa, riparian
(including palms) and swamp forest elements by >35 taxa, and lianas by three taxa (Smilax spp., Chaneya).
The relatively large number of aquatic and riparian/swamp elements is congruent with the rich fish, amphibian
and reptile record of the Güvem area. Another characteristic feature of the plant assemblage is the presence of
various lobed leaves which show similarities with modern species of different families (e.g. Alangium, various
Malvales). Trees and shrubs growing on well-drained soils and forming closed-canopy and open-canopy forests
are the most diversified group (>70 taxa). In terms of number of specimens in the collection and based on field
observations, by far the most abundant leaf fossils belong to evergreen oaks of Quercus drymeja and Q. mediterranea
and to various types of foliage that cannot be assigned to a particular extant or extinct genus of Fagaceae.
These sclerophyllous trees must have covered vast areas surrounding the wetlands that developed during the
early Miocene in the Güvem Basin. Based on a recent reassessment of the ecology and taxonomic affinity of these
trees, they are considered to reflect humid temperate climatic conditions but with a brief drier season during the
winter months. These forests are more similar to the laurel forests of the southeastern United States and those
stretching in a narrow belt south of the Himalayas to eastern central China. The large number of Fabaceae may
indicate the presence of warm subtropical environments but this is difficult to assess, as they are known for
having wide ecological ranges today and in the past. All in all, a larger part of the plant taxa point to forested
vegetation. This is in agreement with previous palynological studies which detected only small amounts of herbaceous
and grass pollen. Open patches of vegetation may have been restricted to river banks and to rocky areas
in a volcanic landscape. The biogeographic patterns detected for the early Miocene of the Güvem assemblage are
manifold; most taxa are widespread Northern Hemispheric elements. A substantial part of the species migrated
from Asia into Europe during the (late) Paleogene and reached Anatolia during the early Miocene (Fagus, Paliurus,
Chaneya, Ailanthus, Quercus kubinyii, Davallia haidingeri, Acer angustilobum, A. palaeosaccharinum).
Fewer taxa may have been in Anatolia before they migrated to Europe (e.g. Nerium, Smilax miohavanensis,
Quercus sosnowskyi). Finally, very few taxa are Anatolian endemics (e.g. Ilex miodipyrena).
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CITATIONS (26):
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Arianna Salili-James, Anne Mackay, Emilio Rodriguez-Alvarez, Diana Rodriguez-Perez, Thomas Mannack, Timothy Rawlings, A. Palmer, Jonathan Todd, Terhi Riutta, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Zhitong Han, Megan Davies, Zinnia Thorpe, Stephen Marsland, Armand Leroi
Journal of The Royal Society Interface
Arianna Salili-James, Anne Mackay, Emilio Rodriguez-Alvarez, Diana Rodriguez-Perez, Thomas Mannack, Timothy Rawlings, A. Palmer, Jonathan Todd, Terhi Riutta, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Zhitong Han, Megan Davies, Zinnia Thorpe, Stephen Marsland, Armand Leroi
Journal of The Royal Society Interface
24.
Paleovegetation and paleoclimate inferences of the early late Sarmatian palynoflora from the Gleisdorf Fm. at Gratkorn, Styria, Austria
Christian Geier, Johannes Bouchal, Silvia Ulrich, Martin Gross, Reinhard Zetter, Thomas Denk, Friðgeir Grímsson
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
Christian Geier, Johannes Bouchal, Silvia Ulrich, Martin Gross, Reinhard Zetter, Thomas Denk, Friðgeir Grímsson
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
25.
Some Mineralogical and Gemological Properties of Silicified Wood Species in Western Anatolia
Burcu ÜNER, ŞAHİN YILMAZ, Ünal AKKEMİK
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni / Geological Bulletin of Turkey
Burcu ÜNER, ŞAHİN YILMAZ, Ünal AKKEMİK
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni / Geological Bulletin of Turkey
26.
Zelkova carpinifolia (Ulmaceae), a relict tree, first recorded in Iraq
Alper Uzun, Ali Galalaey
Folia Geobotanica
Alper Uzun, Ali Galalaey
Folia Geobotanica
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